Eckard,
The perception is that sequence of events that we, as points of perception and reference, encounter. Physics then further reduces this to exact measures of the duration between such events and tries to find ever more precise and regular sequences, as though finding the most stable process will reveal some secret. The reality is this is only one measure of one effect of action. Though a very basic one. All change, regular and irregular, creates linear time, as very stable sequences are only metronomes.
Rather than giving us a greater understanding, it actually limits our understanding. As you keep pointing out, natural time is the elapsed events that are inexorably receding into the past, not this complex dynamic reality moving into a singular future. Obviously the future has many possibilities and it is only the action of what is present that decide which are to be.
I'm not saying whether the linear, or cyclical impressions of time are older. Both have very old traditions. They are reflective of our cultures. Westerners tend to be more linear and goal oriented, while Eastern philosophies tend to see balance as a more profound feature, ie. yin/yang, which is expressed as two forms in a circle/cycle. Necessarily our forward drive has been very culturally dominant for the last thousand years and has much deeper roots than that, but we are reaching the top of what could be history's biggest cycle, given it took the earth many millions of years to develop the fossil fuel deposits that we have burned off in the last 150 years. Before that, various forms of slavery and near slavery propelled many of our more notable civilizations. So at some point, we will have to appreciate the need for balance, if we wish to create a stable civil society. Not just a flatline balance, but one able to utilize both ups and downs, lefts and rights, forwards, and backwards. To appreciate our place in the cycle, not just all want to crowd into the up parts.
Regards,
John M