Hi dear anonymous,

all is deterministic in fact and objective respecting the thermodynamic laws.

Have you already thought about rotating quantum spheres and cosmological spheres and the universal sphere.

Incomplete yes but ....

Regards

Steve

6 months later

Against the Second Law of Thermodynamics

https://www.scientificexploration.org/edgescience/24

Daniel P. Sheehan, Beyond the Second Law of Thermodynamics: "These culminated in 2012-13 with a series of laboratory experiments that showed true second law breakdown. The demonstration was straightforward. A small, closed, high- temperature cavity contained two metal catalysts (rhenium and tungsten), which were known to dissociate molecular hydro- gen (H2) to different degrees (Figure 1). (Rhenium dissociates hydrogen molecules into atoms better than tungsten does; conversely, tungsten recombines hydrogen atoms back into hydrogen molecules better than rhenium.) Because the dissociation reaction (H2 -> 2H) is endothermic (absorbs heat), and the recombination reaction (2H -> H2) is exothermic (liberates heat), when hydrogen was introduced into the cavity, the rhenium surfaces cooled (up to more than 125 K) relative to the tungsten (Figure 2). Because the hydrogen-metal reactions were ongoing in the sealed cavity, the rhenium stayed cooler than the tungsten indefinitely. This permanent temperature difference--this steady-state nonequilibrium--is expressly forbidden by the second law, not just because the system won't settle down to a single-temperature equilibrium, but because this steady-state temperature difference can, in principle, be used to drive a heat engine (or produce electricity) solely by converting heat back into work, which is a violation of one of the most fundamental statements of the second law (Kelvin- Planck formulation)."

The second law of thermodynamics is almost obviously false for chemical systems. Consider the (valid) argument that, if catalysts can shift chemical equilibrium, the second law would be violated:

https://www.boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/chemical-equilibrium-14/factors-that-affect-chemical-equilibrium-106/the-effect-of-a-catalyst-447-3459/

"In the presence of a catalyst, both the forward and reverse reaction rates will speed up equally, thereby allowing the system to reach equilibrium faster. However, it is very important to keep in mind that the addition of a catalyst has no effect whatsoever on the final equilibrium position of the reaction. It simply gets it there faster. (...) To reiterate, catalysts do not affect the equilibrium state of a reaction. In the presence of a catalyst, the same amounts of reactants and products will be present at equilibrium as there would be in the uncatalyzed reaction. To state this in chemical terms, catalysts affect the kinetics, but not the thermodynamics, of a reaction. If the addition of catalysts could possibly alter the equilibrium state of the reaction, this would violate the second rule of thermodynamics..."

It is evident that, for the dissociation-association reaction

A B C,

a catalyst cannot speed up both the forward and reverse reaction rates equally, due to the entirely different forward and reverse catalytic mechanisms. In the forward (dissociation) reaction, the catalyst should just meet and split A. In the reverse (association) reaction, the catalyst should first get together B and C, which, if the diffusion factor is predominant, could be highly improbable.

Catalysts do shift chemical equilibrium, in violation of the second law of thermodynamics.

I have started the same discussion (and it has developed in an interesting way) here:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aL_iNGh8CNo

Chemical Thermodynamics - Second Law / Entropy Review

Pentcho Valev

    The dissociation-association reaction above is:

    A = B C

    A dissociates into B and C, and B and C recombine to give A.

    Pentcho Valev

    A perpetual motion machine of the second kind published in a prestigious journal and no reaction at all from the scientific community:

    http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/journal/apl/103/16/10.1063/1.4825269

    Electricity generated from ambient heat across a silicon surface, Guoan Tai, Zihan Xu, and Jinsong Liu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 103, 163902 (2013): "We report generation of electricity from the limitless thermal motion of ions across a two-dimensional (2D) silicon (Si) surface at room temperature. (...) ...limitless ambient heat, which is universally present in the form of kinetic energy from molecular, particle, and ion sources, has not yet been reported to generate electricity. (...) This study provides insights into the development of self-charging technologies to harvest energy from ambient heat, and the power output is comparable to several environmental energy harvesting techniques such as ZnO nanogenerator, liquid and gas flow-induced electricity generation across carbon nanotube thin films and graphene, although this remains a challenge to the second law of thermodynamics..."

    There is some small reaction but only the technological effect is discussed, the violation of the second law of thermodynamics is not even mentioned:

    http://sciencequestionswithchris.wordpress.com/2013/10/17/could-electronic-devices-charge-themselves-without-being-plugged-in-to-an-electricity-source/

    "...electronic devices can charge their batteries through various methods without being plugged into a source of electricity. What all the different methods have in common is that they absorb energy that is in some other form (heat, light, vibrations, radio waves, etc.) from the external environment and then convert the energy into electrochemical energy that is stored in the device's batteries. (...) The ambient heat in the natural environment can be captured and converted to electricity. There are many ways to do this, but the basic concept is to funnel the random thermal motion of ions or electrons into a more ordered motion of charge, which constitutes an electrical current. This funneling is often accomplished by layering various materials with different thermal and electrical properties. For instance, the researchers Guoan Tai, Zihan Xu, and Jinsong Liu have recently demonstrated the conversion of heat to electricity using the ion layer that forms between silicon and a copper(II) chloride solution."

    Pentcho Valev

    " ... the violation of the second law of thermodynamics is not even mentioned:"

    How thoughtless of the authors not to mention something that exists only in your mind.

    Another perpetual motion machine of the second kind:

    Self-Charged Graphene Battery Harvests Electricity from Thermal Energy of the Environment, Zihan Xu et al: "Moreover, the thermal velocity of ions can be maintained by the external environment, which means it is unlimited. However, little study has been reported on converting the ionic thermal energy into electricity. Here we present a graphene device with asymmetric electrodes configuration to capture such ionic thermal energy and convert it into electricity. (...) To exclude the possibility of chemical reaction, we performed control experiments... (...) In conclusion, we could not find any evidences that support the opinion that the induced voltage came from chemical reaction. The mechanism for electricity generation by graphene in solution is a pure physical process..."

    No reaction from the scientific community, except that UCLA researchers present the discovery as their own:

    "...scientists in Hong Kong built a graphene battery that turns ambient heat into electric current. This technology was picked up by UCLA researchers who claimed this same discovery as their own, seen in the video below:

    The Super Supercapacitor"

    Pentcho Valev

      Hi Mr Valev,

      The perpetual motion is relevant.I amasking me if it is possible in space.In logic ,the gravitation and the perpetualmotion are linked, after all our quantum and cosmologicalspheres turn in a dance of perpetual motions in evolution of complexification due to bosonic encodings and gravitational.If we want.If we xant to check a kind ofartificial gravitation due to a rotation in space, so we can check th gravition Inside a kind of space ship in rotation.The rotaion and the gravitation are correlated.If we arrive to give the energy for this rotation in space, so we can check this gravitation in creating a kind of g in space.The rotation can be perpetual , only an energy at the beginning is necessary in fact.The perpetualmotion is everywhere in us, around us,above us, everywhere this gravitation is an universal equilibrium correlated with this graviation at all scales.The rotations, the sphères, the gravitation are foundamentals simply.This force can be checked withtherotating sphères.We can utilise the energy of gravitation like we utilise the electromagnetic and thermodynamical energy.It is just a different mechanicbut linked with these rotating sphères.The internatinal space station can be improved with the rotation implying this artificialgravity Inside the space ship .The microgravity and zero gravity are not relevant for our naturalequilibriums, biological mainly.Rotations, pressions, volumesbecome essential likeisessentialthe intrinsic biosphere for the autarcy of the system, composting adding to vegetal multiplication are essentials also and the recycling of water.The rotations can be utlised forthe energy also more other adds.

      "Graphene Converts Heat Into Electricity. The team--led by Prof Ian Kinloch, Prof Robert Freer, and Yue Lin--added a small amount of graphene to strontium titanium oxide. The resulting composite was able to convert heat that would otherwise be wasted into an electric current over a broad temperature range, beginning at room temperature."

      "Beginning at room temperature"? And no cold body to provide the temperature gradient? Then this is a violation of the second law of thermodynamics par excellence. The implication is that any writing based on the concept of entropy is not even wrong. Einstein's 1905 paper on the photoelectric effect is an example.

      Pentcho Valev

      a month later

      "Ultrasmall engines bend second law of thermodynamics (...) Over the last few decades, physicists have gradually explored heat flow at the quantum level, intrigued by the possibility of finding violations of thermodynamics' second law. So far, the second law has held strong."

      It hasn't. There are violations even at the macroscopic level, some published in prestigious journals. See my comments on the paper.

      Pentcho Valev

        a month later

        let's rebegin quietly .Show me your postulate against the second law.Prove us in live with the good settings, the good substitutatings.....show me the experiment with the détails where we see a violation of this law?You can even utilize the Riemann Zeta Functions with x=pi.Explain in an experiment where we have this viloation?With what kind of machine and experiment ?How are the Tools utilised for these experiments?Life is a reasult of evolution and the gravitation is a different force than with our standard model.So it is not a violation.

        In all thermodynamical process , general or local ,we shall have always this increasing entropy.It is logic.It is foundamental,at all scales being Under the special relativity and the standard model.If you said us that this second law is not violated but that we have a bridge in condensed matter near the planck scale and the zero absolute.There I can agree because this gravitation is a different force than our themo.But if you rest in the special relativity with bosons fermion, baryons and c , never you can have a violation.Furthermore I beleive strogly that even for this gravitation, we have an irreversibility considering the entropy.It is logic in fact.Carnot should agree and Boltzman also.

        and PV=nRT also you are going to critic it? Am I in a dream or what ?

        Several thinkers has thought about the reversibility at macrocospic scale.The time is not possibke considering a reversible process.Even if several récursives series in maths show a reversibility, the rationality and the determinism shows us that it is not possible at all scales, quant and cosm.Poicarré and its works on recursivity are just mathematical extrapolations.The evolutive time is the problem and the series of encodings, so important in number.

        The real understqnding of entropy is there.If this entropy creates in my model a sphere.I am not going to make a reversibility of this process just because I want it? The gravitational codes and baryonic series are irreversible at all scales and even for this gravitation, this different force.The universal entropical potential is above our understanding.Dark energy+dark matter+Baryonic matter =irreversible universal process of entropy.The chaos and disorder appears in a short moment just due to fact that we utilise a fractal of this general entropical potential.Potential energy and gravitation are linked on the evolutive Arrow of time.It is evident.

        The real relevance is to know that this infinite entropy is disponible Under so many kindof forces, works, énergies,everywhere in all at all scales we tend to a kind of paradoxal infinite entropy towards our singularities, quant and cosm.The aim is not to violate the universal laws but utilise them for concrete engineerings and adapted sciences.The disponible énergies are everywhere at all scales.The fractalization of this infinite entropy gives us an ocean of disponible enerigies, forces, works......The combinations are so numerous.The gravitation is our other step because we go more far in the stable gravitational nuclei.It is the same at cosmol scale.we are still so far of these singularities.But a good new is that this energy is everwhere and sufficient for many universes if I can say.

        5 days later

        Irritating to be hacked on LinkedIn ,I become parano.I am coscious of the potential of my works at short ,middle and long term but it beomes bizarre and irritating.I have people who checks and searchs my communications.

        8 days later

        Daniel Sheehan: "The second law of thermodynamics is considered by most engineers and scientists to be the supreme law of Nature, unbreakable even in principle. Over the last 20 years, however, a silent revolution has begun in the thermodynamics community that has pierced its veil of inviolability. More than two dozen challenges have been advanced into the refereed scientific literature, and experiments now call into question its absolute status. This talk will discuss the history of paradigm in science and the current state of the second law in both theory and experiment. It is shown this century will likely see the second law contravened and, with it, the emergence of radically new energy technologies and the overturning of the current energy economy."

        The second law of thermodynamics is false and yet one should not expect "the emergence of radically new energy technologies". For two reasons:

        1. An isothermal heat engine (perpetual motion machine of the second kind) is extremely slow - the rate of work production is incompatible with any human activity which relies on energy supply.

        2. As the example below shows, isothermal heat engines could be rather unstable and difficult to deal with, for reasons that have nothing to do with the second law of thermodynamics.

        Here is a description of a simple isothermal heat engine:

        POLYELECTROLYTES AND THEIR BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS, A. KATCHALSKY, pp. 13-15: "Let the polymolecule be a negatively charged polyacid in a stretched state and have a length L. Now let us add to the molecule a mineral acid to provide hydrogen ions to combine with the ionized carboxylate groups and transform them into undissociated carboxylic groups according to the reaction RCOO- + H+ = RCOOH. By means of this reaction, the electrostatic repulsion which kept the macromolecule in a highly stretched state vanishes and instead the Brownian motion and intramolecular attraction cause a coiling up of the polymeric chains. Upon coiling, the polymolecule contracts and lifts the attached weight through a distance ホ"L. On lifting the weight, mechanical work f*ホ"L was performed... (...) FIGURE 4: Polyacid gel in sodium hydroxide solution: expanded. Polyacid gel in acid solution: contracted; weight is lifted."

        So the mineral acid is added to the system and "the polymolecule contracts and lifts the attached weight through a distance ホ"L". Then the mineral acid can be removed and the macromolecule resumes its initial stretched state, ready to lift another weight. The work involved in adding and removing (electrochemically) the mineral acid is roughly zero while the work involved in contracting and stretching the macromolecule is obviously positive (the second law is violated).

        The problem with the second law of thermodynamics is psychological, not scientific. There are falsehoods (like the second law of thermodynamics and Einstein's 1905 constant-speed-of-light postulate) which in a sense define our civilization - it seems that you cannot remove them without destroying the civilization itself.

        Pentcho Valev

        6 days later

        Almost Obvious Violation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

        When a constant-charge parallel-plate capacitor is immersed in a liquid dielectric, e.g. water, a mysterious pressure emerges between the plates, pushes them apart and so counteracts their electrostatic attraction:

        "However, in experiments in which a capacitor is submerged in a dielectric liquid the force per unit area exerted by one plate on another is observed to decrease... (...) This apparent paradox can be explained by taking into account the difference in liquid pressure in the field filled space between the plates and the field free region outside the capacitor."

        So we have a high pressure between the plates and a lower pressure outside the capacitor - then what if one punches a small hole in one of the plates? Will there be an eternal flow through the hole, from inside to outside?

        If the plates are vertical and only partially immersed, the same mysterious pressure forces the liquid between the plates to rise above the surface of the water pool:

        I. Brevik, Fluids in electric and magnetic fields: Pressure variation and stability, Can. J . Phys. (1982): "Fig. 1. Two charged condenser plates partly immersed in a dielectric liquid. (...) Fig. 2. The hydrostatic pressure variation from point 1 to point 5 in Fig. 1."

        In 2002 I proposed the following device presumably violating the second law of thermodynamics:

        AIP Conf. Proc. 643, pp. 430-435, Pentcho Valev 2002: "...as two vertical constant-charge capacitor plates partially dip into a pool of a liquid dielectric (e.g. water), the liquid between them rises high above the surface of the rest of the liquid in the pool. Evidently, if one punches a macroscopic hole in one of the plates, nothing could prevent the liquid between the plates from leaking out through the hole and generating an eternal waterfall outside the capacitor. This hypothesis has been discussed on many occasions but so far no serious counter-argument has been raised."

        Here is a schematic picture of the "eternal waterfall".

        Further elaboration is needed to explain why the second (not the first) law is violated.

        Pentcho Valev

        Write a Reply...