Thank you Giovanni Prisinzano,
Thank you for your kindly words, I am waiting for your esteemed opinion on this Dynamic Universe model and for your future discussion...
Best Regards
=snp
Distances, Locations, Ages and Reproduction of Galaxies in our Dynamic Universe by Satyavarapu Naga Parameswara Gupta
Dear Gupta, you raise a very important for cosmology questions and demonstrate the very great strength of mind. I believe that you could do more if adhered to the concept of moving space-matter. For example, New Cartesian Physic claims that the space-matter moves on forever, as in nature there are no "bricks" from which you can build an absolutely tight with no holes space, which it tries to fill, but it is not possible.
The concept of moving space-matter helped me:
1. To convert the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle in the principle of definiteness of points of space-matter;
2. To reveal the law of the constancy of the flow of forces through a closed surface space-matter;
3. To formulate the law of gravitation Lorentz;
4. Give the formula of the pressure of the Universe;
5. To reveal the essence of gravitational mass as the flow vector of the centrifugal acceleration across the surface of the corpuscles, etc.
From New Cartesian Physic great potential in understanding the world. To show this potential, I have in my essay showed the way of the materialist explanation of the paranormal and supernatural. It is very close to your idea of Intelligence in the Universe.
I appreciate your Essay.
I hope that we will communicate to mutually enrich each other knowledge about the Universe.
I wish you success!
Boris Dizhechko
[deleted]
Dear Satyavarapu,
I am glad that I could be of help concerning your paper. The problem in papers like these is that when they contain an error, those who read them don't know if you just made an error or if your understanding is actually wrong, which can affect their acceptance of the concepts that you are trying to get across to the readers of your papers. I thought it was likely to be just an error. Hopefully, correcting it will give future readers a more positive reception of your concepts.
Rather than going back into any of the other things that I mentioned previously, I just want to cover the main thing that I wanted to bring out, which is that when the fusion of 2 hydrogen atoms into a helium atom occurs in a star, most of the mass or matter that was originally in the hydrogen atoms remains in the star in that helium atom. The helium atoms that are produced in that way can also fuse into heavier atoms and this process can continue up to iron. Iron and the atoms that are heavier than that are too close to the center most stable point in the atomic scale to be able to fuse because it would actually take the addition of more energy to cause them to fuse than would be freed in the fusion reaction. When all of the lower elements have been fused, the end result is that most of the matter that was in those lighter elements, is now stored in the new midrange atoms that have been produced. If you could somehow cause all of the matter that had been converted to energy to convert back into hydrogen matter and if that amount of hydrogen matter was equal to the amount that was originally present, then you would have all of the original hydrogen plus all of the newly produced midrange atoms that were produced by the fusion process, which would mean that there would be an increase in the total amount of matter in the universe created from nothing. In your theory you say "This is a nonexpanding universe and matter need not be created to keep the density constant". In this nonexpanding universe the continual increase in the amount of matter that would be created in the form of these newly created midrange atoms would continually increase the matter density of the universe. It would ultimately fill up all of the empty space with this matter and the functioning of the universe would likely break down long before that point.
There is only one way that you could get what you want and that would be to somehow break down all of those new midrange atoms back into hydrogen atoms, but that would be a transformation that would be contrary to entropy because they contain less energy that could be freed by the conversion process than the conversion process would consume. This would mean that extra external energy would need to be provided that was more than had been freed as energy radiation from the fusion processes that caused the generation of the midrange atoms in the first place. This is because you would have to add back all of the energy that had been freed by the fusion process in order to restore the extra energy that the hydrogen atoms require that is greater than what the midrange atoms require, which is just the amount that had been freed by the fusion process. You would then still need to add an additional amount of energy that would be needed to cause the process to operate in the direction contrary to the natural entropy direction of flow of energy. The additional energy that you would need would have to come from somewhere in the universe and it would eventually be used up. The universe would still run down and cease to function.
What would actually happen, however, is that most of the energy that had been freed by the fusion process would be scattered throughout empty space and would not be converted back into hydrogen. The matter density of the universe would then remain the same, but all of the hydrogen and the other lower elements that can fuse would eventually be converted into the midrange elements that can't fuse and the stars would all go out. There is just too much empty space for the energy photons to disperse into and too few very large masses that would generate very large and strong gravity fields to in any way convert the photons back into matter particles to allow any very large percentage of them to be converted back into matter. I know that is not what you want to hear, but I believe that if you look at energy photon dispersion in open space per unit of distance from the source, etc. and analyze the percentage of the total space in the universe that contains the strong enough gravity fields to do the conversions, you will find that I am right about it. In addition you would need to consider all of the energy photons that strike objects in the universe, such as those that interact with atoms on the earth and are either completely absorbed or experience frequency decreases as a result of giving up some energy to an electron in an atom, etc.
Much of the rest of your theory is good, however, except as pointed out earlier.
Sincerely,
Paul
Even though I signed in only about 5 to 10 minutes before I sent the previous comment and checked on the bottom line and it said I was still logged in just before I sent it, it still logged me out and the comment came up as anonymous. That needs to be fixed by FQXI.
Sincerely,
Paul
Dear Boris Dizhechko,
Thank you very much sir,
You have very nicely explained about your theory. It is very good you have applications like
1. To convert the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
....Used in Quantum Mechanics... it states that the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa... Very Good application.
2. To reveal the law of the constancy of the flow of forces through a closed surface space-matter;
......................... I did not understand.....why it is closed SURFACE ?
3. To formulate the law of gravitation Lorentz;
It is one of the alternatives to general relativity in weak field approximation
..... ..................Is it also used in Quntum Mechanics.... ?
4. Give the formula of the pressure of the Universe;
................ Probably you may know Aether was not found yet.........
5. To reveal the essence of gravitational mass as the flow vector of the centrifugal acceleration across the surface of the corpuscles, etc.
................... I did not understand, what is "surface" of Corpuscles?
6. From New Cartesian Physic great potential in understanding the world. To show this potential, I have in my essay showed the way of the materialist explanation of the paranormal and supernatural. It is very close to your idea of Intelligence in the Universe. ...................... Very Good, Congratulations!
7. I hope that we will communicate to mutually enrich each other knowledge about the Universe.
....... ...........Yes Boris, thank you very much, we will communicate
I know very little amount of Russian, I learned it in 1982.
Best wishes to your essay also
=snp.gupta
Dear SNP. Gupta, distance, location, age and reproduction of galaxies in our dynamic Universe are constantly attention New Cartesian Physic, so I appreciated your work. However, someone us down and I say do not let perish New Cartesian Physic, still this is Descartes. 1. The certainty principle Heisenberg-Dizhechko (I added your name) in the New Cartesian Physic claims to highlight in the universe is infinitely small point independent object and make a move, you must attach to it infinitely great momentum. It speaks about absolute strength space. 2. the law of constancy of flow force in the universe is a generalization of Gauss's Law for electric charges. Closed surface is an imaginary, mental experiment. The Act gives us the inverse-square law. 3. The law of gravitation Lorentz in New Cartesian Physic has a simple form, I brought in the essay. 4. The formula of pressure of the universe I brought from the forms of ...
4. The formula of pressure of the universe I brought from mass-energy equivalence formula, it coincided with the formula of the law of constancy of flow forces. Here's the formula-the flow of forces through an imaginary surface around the particles is equal to the product of the speed of light, Planck's constant. Stream for New Cartesian Physic is not needed-it replaces the concept of moving space-matter. All this is considered for corpuscles and before New Physic Cartesian problem of integration for the accumulation of corpuscles. I wish you success! Boris Dizhechko
Your assessment:
"Slowly life of the stars and hence subsequently the life of Galaxy will come to end because of their electromagnetic radiation. Galaxies tend to evolve from spiral to elliptical structure and they perish to form Blue clouds known as Galaxy "quenching". Hence we can say that our Universe had reproduction ability, which is a very slow process. Universe produces new Galaxies, and the already formed Galaxies perish slowly. Ours is single universe and is a closed one. In other words, our Universe reproduces its Galaxies, as and when light and other electromagnetic radiation condenses to form enough matter."
I see no mention of exploding stars creating elements that did not exist before the first stars formed, elements other than hydrogen, helium and lithium. Not in your theory?
Jim Hoover
Dear Paul,
Thank you very much for such nice question. Whatever you are thinking that is NOT a problem in Dynamic Universe Model; is not a problem at all. I am reproducing your full post here with my answers embedded; I did not remove any portion of your nice thinking and questions. Very good study.
Your words..........
I am glad that I could be of help concerning your paper. The problem in papers like these is that when they contain an error, those who read them don't know if you just made an error or if your understanding is actually wrong, which can affect their acceptance of the concepts that you are trying to get across to the readers of your papers. I thought it was likely to be just an error. Hopefully, correcting it will give future readers a more positive reception of your concepts.
...............
Reply...................
I am very much thankful to you, I want analysis of this model.....
Your words..........
Rather than going back into any of the other things that I mentioned previously, I just want to cover the main thing that I wanted to bring out, which is that when the fusion of 2 hydrogen atoms into a helium atom occurs in a star, most of the mass or matter that was originally in the hydrogen atoms remains in the star in that helium atom. The helium atoms that are produced in that way can also fuse into heavier atoms and this process can continue up to iron. Iron and the atoms that are heavier than that are too close to the center most stable point in the atomic scale to be able to fuse because it would actually take the addition of more energy to cause them to fuse than would be freed in the fusion reaction. When all of the lower elements have been fused, the end result is that most of the matter that was in those lighter elements, is now stored in the new midrange atoms that have been produced. If you could somehow cause all of the matter that had been converted to energy to convert back into hydrogen matter and if that amount of hydrogen matter was equal to the amount that was originally present, then you would have all of the original hydrogen plus all of the newly produced midrange atoms that were produced by the fusion process, which would mean that there would be an increase in the total amount of matter in the universe created from nothing. ...............
Reply...................
Thank you very much for nice thinking and trying to analyze this model.
As you have nicely mentioned here, matter will be formed from energy only it is not from nothing. No matter will be formed from nothing in Dynamic Universe Model; the energy will change its form from one state to another only. The fusion and fission reactions will happen according to Atomic physics. If there are some good unsolved problems we can try together. Lets discuss ...................
Your words..........
In your theory you say "This is a nonexpanding universe and matter need not be created to keep the density constant". ...............
Reply...................
Yes, matter need not be created. Universe converts energy into matter and matter will be converted to energy in a cycle. The Universe can be expanding or contracting depends on the overall status of the dynamical forces that are moving different bodies in different ways. Each body movement will depend on UGF (Universal Gravitational Force) acting on it at that moment at that position, which changes dynamically......................
Your words..........
In this nonexpanding universe the continual increase in the amount of matter that would be created in the form of these newly created midrange atoms would continually increase the matter density of the universe. It would ultimately fill up all of the empty space with this matter and the functioning of the universe would likely break down long before that point................
Reply...................
No no no, not that way. Overall energy will remain same.
Your words..........
There is only one way that you could get what you want and that would be to somehow break down all of those new midrange atoms back into hydrogen atoms, but that would be a transformation that would be contrary to entropy because they contain less energy that could be freed by the conversion process than the conversion process would consume. This would mean that extra external energy would need to be provided that was more than had been freed as energy radiation from the fusion processes that caused the generation of the midrange atoms in the first place. This is because you would have to add back all of the energy that had been freed by the fusion process in order to restore the extra energy that the hydrogen atoms require that is greater than what the midrange atoms require, which is just the amount that had been freed by the fusion process. ...............
Reply...................
This is what exactly happens in SUN and Stars, matter will be converted to energy
Your words..........
You would then still need to add an additional amount of energy that would be needed to cause the process to operate in the direction contrary to the natural entropy direction of flow of energy. The additional energy that you would need would have to come from somewhere in the universe and it would eventually be used up. The universe would still run down and cease to function. ...............
Reply...................
No sir, not that way, the energy balance will be maintained
Your words..........
What would actually happen, however, is that most of the energy that had been freed by the fusion process would be scattered throughout empty space and would not be converted back into hydrogen. ...............
Reply...................
I got this similar doubt initially about 25 years back when I was working out with this model. What I found in my simulations is different. Probably those sets of Simulations were not published.
What I actually found was astounding. That electromagnetic photon was that was radiated out was pulled back into Universe. I checked the case when the radiation was radially out from the center of the Universe. Then also this radiation came back. Then I was satisfied and started telling the world about this model
That is one of the foundational points of Dynamic Universe Model; Ours is closed universe, no engr goes out.
Your words..........
The matter density of the universe would then remain the same, but all of the hydrogen and the other lower elements that can fuse would eventually be converted into the midrange elements that can't fuse and the stars would all go out. There is just too much empty space for the energy photons to disperse into and too few very large masses that would generate very large and strong gravity fields to in any way convert the photons back into matter particles to allow any very large percentage of them to be converted back into matter. I know that is not what you want to hear, but I believe that if you look at energy photon dispersion in open space per unit of distance from the source, etc. and analyze the percentage of the total space in the universe that contains the strong enough gravity fields to do the conversions, you will find that I am right about it. In addition you would need to consider all of the energy photons that strike objects in the universe, such as those that interact with atoms on the earth and are either completely absorbed or experience frequency decreases as a result of giving up some energy to an electron in an atom, etc. ...............
Reply...................
No,no,no... Not that way... Dynamic Universe model don't say that way. I hope I cleared all your questions and doubts.....
Your words..........
Much of the rest of your theory is good, however, except as pointed out earlier. ...............
Reply...................
Thank you very much for the nice study of Dynamic Universe Model. Thank you for your time you spend on this model. THANK YOU FOR THE NICE COMPLEMENTS......
I hope I cleared them all YOUR DOUBTS, if you have any further doubts, lets discuss ...
Best regards
=snp.gupta
Dear Paul,
I also observed this problem of Logging out many times; this feature needs correction by FQXi software group...
Probably we have to communicate them....
Best
=snp.gupta
Dear Prof Yehuda Atai,
Time has one directional movement as in practice we never see time going "BACKWORDS". We don't see any thing previous except in our memories, history or records... why should we introduce things like going into time in backwards direction? As per space is concern in can be infinite, no problem.
For your information Dynamic Universe model is totally based on experimental results. Here in Dynamic Universe Model Space is Space and time is time in cosmology level or in any level. In the classical general relativity, space and time are convertible in to each other.
Many papers and books on Dynamic Universe Model were published by the author on unsolved problems of present day Physics, for example 'Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary' (1994) , 'Multiple bending of light ray can create many images for one Galaxy: in our dynamic universe', About "SITA" simulations, 'Missing mass in Galaxy is NOT required', "New mathematics tensors without Differential and Integral equations", "Information, Reality and Relics of Cosmic Microwave Background", "Dynamic Universe Model explains the Discrepancies of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Observations.", in 2015 'Explaining Formation of Astronomical Jets Using Dynamic Universe Model, 'Explaining Pioneer anomaly', 'Explaining Near luminal velocities in Astronomical jets', 'Observation of super luminal neutrinos', 'Process of quenching in Galaxies due to formation of hole at the center of Galaxy, as its central densemass dries up', "Dynamic Universe Model Predicts the Trajectory of New Horizons Satellite Going to Pluto" etc., are some more papers from the Dynamic Universe model. Four Books also were published. Book1 shows Dynamic Universe Model is singularity free and body to collision free, Book 2, and Book 3 are explanation of equations of Dynamic Universe model. Book 4 deals about prediction and finding of Blue shifted Galaxies in the universe.
With axioms like... No Isotropy; No Homogeneity; No Space-time continuum; Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); No singularities; No collisions between bodies; No Blackholes; No warm holes; No Bigbang; No repulsion between distant Galaxies; Non-empty Universe; No imaginary or negative time axis; No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; No many mini Bigbangs; No Missing Mass; No Dark matter; No Dark energy; No Bigbang generated CMB detected; No Multi-verses etc.
Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model came true, like Blue shifted Galaxies and no dark matter. Dynamic Universe Model gave many results otherwise difficult to explain
Have a look at my essay on Dynamic Universe Model and its blog also where all my books and papers are available for free downloading...
http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/
Best wishes to your essay.
For your blessings please................
=snp. gupta
Dear Dizhechko Boris Semyonovich,
Thank you for the explanations.... It is ok.
Thank you for the fast replies and Blessings. The translator is not very good. But I got the central idea.
Best Wishes for your essay
=snp.gupta
Dear Jim Hoover,
Thank you for reading my essay. The Novae and Super Novae (Exploding stars) produce many elements and even new flavours of neutrinos. These things are covered in another paper. Here page length limitation is there. I could not cover many points. To give a basic idea about Dynamic Universe Model.....
Dynamic Universe Model doesn't use Relativity concepts. So the associated problems of SR and GR like singularities and Bigbang etc are not present. By considering the other 60 percent of Galaxies in the Universe including Blue shifted Galaxies and Quasars, the model doesn't restrict itself to only expanding Universe model.
For your information Dynamic Universe model is totally based on experimental results. Here in Dynamic Universe Model Space is Space and time is time in cosmology level or in any level. In the classical general relativity, space and time are convertible in to each other.
Many papers and books on Dynamic Universe Model were published by the author on unsolved problems of present day Physics, for example 'Absolute Rest frame of reference is not necessary' (1994) , 'Multiple bending of light ray can create many images for one Galaxy: in our dynamic universe', About "SITA" simulations, 'Missing mass in Galaxy is NOT required', "New mathematics tensors without Differential and Integral equations", "Information, Reality and Relics of Cosmic Microwave Background", "Dynamic Universe Model explains the Discrepancies of Very-Long-Baseline Interferometry Observations.", in 2015 'Explaining Formation of Astronomical Jets Using Dynamic Universe Model, 'Explaining Pioneer anomaly', 'Explaining Near luminal velocities in Astronomical jets', 'Observation of super luminal neutrinos', 'Process of quenching in Galaxies due to formation of hole at the center of Galaxy, as its central densemass dries up', "Dynamic Universe Model Predicts the Trajectory of New Horizons Satellite Going to Pluto" etc., are some more papers from the Dynamic Universe model. Four Books also were published. Book1 shows Dynamic Universe Model is singularity free and body to collision free, Book 2, and Book 3 are explanation of equations of Dynamic Universe model. Book 4 deals about prediction and finding of Blue shifted Galaxies in the universe.
With axioms like... No Isotropy; No Homogeneity; No Space-time continuum; Non-uniform density of matter(Universe is lumpy); No singularities; No collisions between bodies; No Blackholes; No warm holes; No Bigbang; No repulsion between distant Galaxies; Non-empty Universe; No imaginary or negative time axis; No imaginary X, Y, Z axes; No differential and Integral Equations mathematically; No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to General Relativity on any condition; No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models; No many mini Bigbangs; No Missing Mass; No Dark matter; No Dark energy; No Bigbang generated CMB detected; No Multi-verses etc.
Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model came true, like Blue shifted Galaxies and no dark matter. Dynamic Universe Model gave many results otherwise difficult to explain
Have a look at my essay on Dynamic Universe Model and its blog also where all my books and papers are available for free downloading...
http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/
Best wishes to your essay.
For your blessings please................
=snp. gupta
Thanks for your comments and the added information.
Regards,
Jim Hoover
Dear James Lee Hoover,
Hope you will spend some more time on Dynamic Universe Model...
Best Regards
=snp.gupta
Dear Satyavarapu,
I don't think that you understand what I am trying to say to you, so I will try using a different approach. For the most part, fusion does not actually change matter particles into energy photons. In a new star that has not converted much hydrogen into higher elements; the star is mostly composed of hydrogen. A basic hydrogen atom contains one proton and one electron. In the star the temperature is high enough to convert the atoms into plasma. Plasma is atoms with the electrons stripped off of them. This means that the star contains free protons and free electrons. The first reaction is that two protons come together to form a nucleus. One of the protons decays into a neutron and a positron and neutrino which are both matter particles are given off as part of the process. This creates a deuterium atom, which is just a hydrogen atom that contains a neutron. Notice that we started off with two matter particles and still have two matter particles. We have just changed from two atoms to one atom. The energy that it takes to bind two particles together into one atom is less than the energy required for the two separate atoms, so some energy is released, but some of it goes into the neutron because it has a greater mass than the input proton had, some goes into the neutrino, which would usually completely leave the star because they do not interact very much and are extremely low in mass, and some would go into the production of the positron, which would interact in a short time with one of the electrons in the plasma and they would both be converted into photon energy (a total of about 1Mev or million electron volts). The only part of the released energy that did not come from the freed up binding energy was the ½Mev that came from the conversion of the electron into photon energy. The next step is that the deuterium atom joins with another proton to form a Helium atom with just 1 neutron. A gamma ray energy photon is also given off because the energy required to bind the single Helium atom together is less than the energy of the separate proton and the deuterium atom combined. This gamma ray contains about 4Mev and comes completely from the savings in binding energy. The next step is for 2 of the above helium atoms to join together to produce a helium atom with 2 neutrons. The 2 extra protons are ejected. The protons carry off most of the freed binding energy about 15 to 20Mev in the form of kinetic energy or their motion. Notice that in the whole process the only matter particles that were converted into energy photons were the 2 electrons for a total of about 1Mev. All of the rest of the energy that was freed was from the lower amount of binding energy that is needed by the larger single atom than was required by the several individual atoms. None of the hydrogen protons are converted into energy photons. The whole fusion reaction to generate a helium atom freed up roughly 60Mev. If just one proton was converted to an energy photon it would free up over 938Mev. You can see that the idea that the hydrogen atoms have been converted into energy photons and the energy photons would then be converted back into hydrogen atoms is completely false. Instead many hydrogen atoms have been combined together into fewer heavier atoms freeing up a small amount of energy in the process because the fewer heavier atoms require less total binding energy than the many more lighter hydrogen atoms required. For the most part, all of the matter is still there in the star it has just been compacted. It actually takes 4 hydrogen atoms (protons) to produce 1 helium atom. 2 of them are needed just as they are in the helium atom and the other 2 are converted into neutrons. The 4 protons contain a total of about 3753Mev. The fusion reaction only freed up about 60MEV. Are you saying that a 60Mev energy photon is somehow converted up in frequency until it is up to 3753Mev and then is converted into 4 protons somehow? This would mean multiplying its energy by about 63 times. That certainly would not be energy conservation. If that were to somehow happen you could get all of the original hydrogen back, but you would still also have the original 4 protons locked up in the helium atom in the star. This would effectively mean that you would have doubled the amount of matter. The problem is that it is not a cycle of changing matter particles to energy photons and then changing the energy photons back into matter particles. You are not seeing that the hydrogen atoms are not really being converted into energy photons. They are just being compacted into heavier atoms and only the savings in the required amount of binding energy is being radiated in energy photons. All of the hydrogen's matter particles are still in the star except for a few electrons. I hope that helps.
Sincerely,
Paul
Dear Paul,
What a wonderful analysis. Very nice question indeed! Probably my this answer will satisfy, but I still feel lot more to be discussed with you. Really wonderful...!
I kept the entire question, divided it into small appropriate parts and answered them. For further discussion please.
I don't think that you understand what I am trying to say to you, so I will try using a different approach. ...............
Reply...................
OK
Your words..........
For the most part, fusion does not actually change matter particles into energy photons. ...............
Reply...................
OK
Your words.......... In a new star that has not converted much hydrogen into higher elements; the star is mostly composed of hydrogen. A basic hydrogen atom contains one proton and one electron. In the star the temperature is high enough to convert the atoms into plasma. Plasma is atoms with the electrons stripped off of them. This means that the star contains free protons and free electrons. The first reaction is that two protons come together to form a nucleus. One of the protons decays into a neutron and a positron and neutrino which are both matter particles are given off as part of the process. This creates a deuterium atom, which is just a hydrogen atom that contains a neutron. Notice that we started off with two matter particles and still have two matter particles. We have just changed from two atoms to one atom. ...............
Reply...................
This is what happens in SUN and Stars, OK Good, thank you
Your words..........The energy that it takes to bind two particles together into one atom is less than the energy required for the two separate atoms, so some energy is released, but some of it goes into the neutron because it has a greater mass than the input proton had, some goes into the neutrino, which would usually completely leave the star because they do not interact very much and are extremely low in mass, and some would go into the production of the positron, which would interact in a short time with one of the electrons in the plasma and they would both be converted into photon energy (a total of about 1Mev or million electron volts). The only part of the released energy that did not come from the freed up binding energy was the ½Mev that came from the conversion of the electron into photon energy. ...............
Reply...................
OK Good, Understood
Your words..........The next step is that the deuterium atom joins with another proton to form a Helium atom with just 1 neutron. A gamma ray energy photon is also given off because the energy required to bind the single Helium atom together is less than the energy of the separate proton and the deuterium atom combined. This gamma ray contains about 4Mev and comes completely from the savings in binding energy. The next step is for 2 of the above helium atoms to join together to produce a helium atom with 2 neutrons. The 2 extra protons are ejected. The protons carry off most of the freed binding energy about 15 to 20Mev in the form of kinetic energy or their motion. ...............
Reply...................
Ok Energy released, higher atoms formed...
Your words.......... Notice that in the whole process the only matter particles that were converted into energy photons were the 2 electrons for a total of about 1Mev. All of the rest of the energy that was freed was from the lower amount of binding energy that is needed by the larger single atom than was required by the several individual atoms. None of the hydrogen protons are converted into energy photons. The whole fusion reaction to generate a helium atom freed up roughly 60Mev. If just one proton was converted to an energy photon it would free up over 938Mev. ...............
Reply...................
Ok.... No worry...
Your words.......... You can see that the idea that the hydrogen atoms have been converted into energy photons and the energy photons would then be converted back into hydrogen atoms is completely false. ...............
Reply...................
All these happen at the surface of star, but in the core of star under high pressure and temperature, many things happen. Probably we have to study together and push-out a combined paper with all these energy equations.... Can you please help me....
Your words.......... Instead many hydrogen atoms have been combined together into fewer heavier atoms freeing up a small amount of energy in the process because the fewer heavier atoms require less total binding energy than the many more lighter hydrogen atoms required. For the most part, all of the matter is still there in the star it has just been compacted. It actually takes 4 hydrogen atoms (protons) to produce 1 helium atom. 2 of them are needed just as they are in the helium atom and the other 2 are converted into neutrons. The 4 protons contain a total of about 3753Mev. The fusion reaction only freed up about 60MEV. ...............
Reply...................
This is what exactly happens in SUN and Stars, and then planets are formed after energy loss and cooling down.
our words.......... Are you saying that a 60Mev energy photon is somehow converted up in frequency until it is up to 3753Mev and then is converted into 4 protons somehow? ...............
Reply...................
Initial electrons, protons, neutrons and neutrinos formations are sufficient, I don't think 4 proton Helium nucleus needs to formed. I did not work-out full details yet
Your words..........This would mean multiplying its energy by about 63 times. That certainly would not be energy conservation. If that were to somehow happen you could get all of the original hydrogen back, but you would still also have the original 4 protons locked up in the helium atom in the star. This would effectively mean that you would have doubled the amount of matter. ...............
Reply...................
Good thinking, there can be other ways.
Your words.......... The problem is that it is not a cycle of changing matter particles to energy photons and then changing the energy photons back into matter particles. ...............
Reply...................
Correct, that's what Dynamic Universe Model proposes
Your words..........You are not seeing that the hydrogen atoms are not really being converted into energy photons. They are just being compacted into heavier atoms and only the savings in the required amount of binding energy is being radiated in energy photons. All of the hydrogen's matter particles are still in the star except for a few electrons. I hope that helps. ...............
Reply...................
Any way probably I got it NOW. I understood it probably.
I want to add some more to this wonderful analysis...
It is not only hydrogen atoms that are left out, but all the heavier molecules upto uranium, which are formed due to different nuclear reactions. There are many types of high energy particle bombardments that happen inside core of Stars. The inside core of our own cool earth is not cool. Many elements are manufactured.
We have seen Novae and Supernovae and explosions of planets. All these are some of converters. We will have to study high energy physics a little more. I did not say study of Dynamic Universe Model stopped. There is lot more work needs to be done. Lots ope people have to put their brains on it. But I have the hope
Best wishes
=snp.gupta
Dear Gupta
Excellent essay about the dynamic universe, it is so close to me.
You very correctly said that
«Ours is single universe and is a closed one. In other words, our Universe reproduces its Galaxies, as and when light and other electromagnetic radiation condenses to form enough matter».
I completely agree with you, although we use different terms.
The energy of gravitational waves is circulating in the Dynamic Universe. Galaxies emit electromagnetic waves, and the intergalactic medium of the physical vacuum converts their energy (red shift) into gravitational waves that condense the energy in Quasars. Quasars transmit energy to galaxies through their toroidal and spiral gravitational waves (honeycomb structure), which lead to the self-organization of galaxies, in the form of solitons, and leads to the emission of electromagnetic waves.
And the evolution of self-developing systems is carried out by the quantum parametric transformation process.
The power of the synthesis process of the elements of the galaxy is equal to its power of electromagnetic radiation. For example, by the Hubble constant easily is calculated the solar radiation power in our Galaxy.
Nevertheless, let me disagree with you that the universe is influenced by the Newtonian force of attraction between galaxies.
«Dynamic Universe Model is based on laws of Newtonian dynamics».
«In our Dynamic Universe every mass is moving in a direction and goal determined universal gravitational force (UGF) as the indomitable resultant vector of gravitational forces acted by all the other bodies in the Universe».
On this to you also rightly pointes out Avtar Singh
«This is impossible since if there is no anti-gravity force to balance the gravity force, the whole universe would collapse on itself and there will be no universe, no galaxies, no stars, no planets, and no biological life».
«But such a model based only on gravity does not explain the observed star velocities in galaxies and the observed accelerated expansion of the universe and far-field supernova observations. UGF cannot correlate and explain the cosmological constant, dark energy, and the observed Hubble constant».
Your train of thought is understand.
Few doubt validity of Newton's law, according to which massive bodies interact with each other at any distance, due to some ideal magical force of attraction.
However, reality does not allow ideal and abstract properties of matter and fields. I hope, that we are materialists, not idealists.
Already during his lifetime, Newton had a discussion with Descartes and his supporters who argued that Newton's law of gravity does not have circulation of energy and there is no reason for the formation of force. This dispute continues to our times.
In my essay is shown that Newton's law of gravitation is a special case, which is valid only near the surface of the cosmic bodies of the Solar system. Moreover, the gravitational coefficient is not at all a fundamental constant.
All galaxies, like the planets of the solar system, move in orbital toroidal gravitational waves, which are formed due to the Newtonian force of attraction. However, after the formation of stationary toroidal gravitational waves, all galaxies and planets move by inertia and are in a potential well of stability, which is not taken into account in Newtonian mechanics.
I.e., cosmic bodies interact with each other with the help of toroidal gravitational waves, between which there can be both attractive forces and repulsive forces, as for example between atoms. Moreover, these forces are impulsive forces as result of quantum processes of transformation of toroidal gravitational waves.
For example, it only seems to us that the planets in circular orbits are held at the expense of the Sun's attraction, but on attraction must be spent energy.
In fact, the gradient of the gravitational potential in the soliton orbital toroidal gravitational wave of the planet completely compensates for the gradient of the gravitational potential of the Sun. In this case, there is no force of attraction and the force of centrifugal inertia.
Orbital gravitational wave is a self-organizing soliton that reduces the force of interaction, in accordance with the extreme principle of least action. In according this principle occurs any rectilinear motion of bodies by inertia. Now the principle of motion of bodies by inertia must be extended to bodies in circular orbits.
The criterion for the presence of force is the Unruh effect, according to which the force causes radiation. For example, comets have orbits with a large eccentricity, so they are attracted to the Sun and emit X-rays. Very small comet emitted x-ray waves with a power of 1 GW, and Jupiter also emits 1 GW in a circular orbit, but their masses are not comparable. Consequently, Jupiter, in fact, is not attracted to the Sun.
All galaxies in a dynamic universe are in an equilibrium state, like molecules in a liquid. But the liquid has a certain temperature, so there are vibrations of molecules and atoms around certain equilibrium centers. And the Galaxies oscillate around the centers of equilibrium.
I hope for mutual understanding and constructive discussion.
Kind regards,
1
Dear Vladimir Nikolaevich Fedorov
Thank you very much for your encouraging support.
You wrote a big post with large number of different subjects! So I am dividing the whole post into small posts, so that individual posts can be discussed separately and easily. Probably you will not mind it.
Best regards
=snp.
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Your words...............
Excellent essay about the dynamic universe, it is so close to me.
You very correctly said that
«Ours is single universe and is a closed one. In other words, our Universe reproduces its Galaxies, as and when light and other electromagnetic radiation condenses to form enough matter».
I completely agree with you, although we use different terms.
Reply..........
Thank you for your Blessings.... Lets Discuss....