Thank you for interest to my essay. It's main message is that evolution of cosmos is determined by fundamental particle structure, which in turn implies cosmology for its probe. To study simultaneously evolution of the Universe and physics, on which it is based, we need overdetermined system of equations for multidimensional space of the involved parameters which is provided by the set of physical, cosmological and astrophysical data, so that the number of equations is larger than the number of parameters. Cosmoarcheology is only one part of such multidimensional studies, which also involve accelerator and non-accelerator effects of new physics.

Dera Ilgaitis,

Thank you for interest to my essay. Let me study yours in details, but the idea that ordinary neutrons can play the role of dark matter sounds strange, since neutrons should decay after 1000 seconds, while dark matter should survive in the Universe to the present time.

I have a comment on:

"Extensions of the standard model imply new symmetries and new particle states....... .From this viewpoint, cosmology is sensitive to the most fundamental properties of micro-world, to the conservation laws reflecting strict or nearly strict symmetries of particle theory" page 4:

"So, electron is absolutely stable owing to the conservation of electric charge, while the stability of proton is conditioned by the conservation of baryon charge. The stability of ordinary matter is thus protected by the conservation of electric and baryon charges" page 5:

Yes, as you said the lepton number L (Electric number charges Le plus Muon number charges LВµ) is conservation in Beta Decay :

n >> p + e- + ve

L : 0 = 0 + 1 -1

BUT in case of Louis Michel Decay there are violations of the lepton number (Electron number or Muon number) conservation laws:

Вµ- >> e- + ve + vВµ

L : 1 = 1 + 1 -1 Lepton number conservation ( L = Le + LВµ )

Le : 0 1 + 1 + 0 Electron number violation

LВµ : 1 0 + 0 -1 Muon number violation

In this case, we search for new conservation law for this decay , so a new symmetry must introduce to explain this decay, hence a simple extension model for the Standard Model has been introduced. B - L model (baryon charges B minus lepton charges L) is the difference between the baryon number (B) and the lepton number (L).

If Bв€'L exists as a symmetry, it gives heavy right handed neutrinos and new heavy neutral gauge boson Z' and new heavy Higgs boson rather thans SM- Higgs

p >> ПЂ0 + e+

p (B=1 ; L=0) >> ПЂ0 (B=0 ; L=0) + e+ (B=0 ; L=в€'1)

Baryon charge: 1 = 0 + 0 No conservation

Lepton charge: 0 = 0 - 1 No conservation

B -L charge: 1 = 0 + 1 Conservation

This quantum number (B-L charge) is the charge of U(1) symmetry B-L model, and called U(1)B-L. Unlike baryon number alone or lepton number alone, this hypothetical symmetry would not be broken by chiral anomalies or gravitational anomalies, as long as this symmetry is global, which is why this symmetry is often invoked.

If B в€' L exists as a new symmetry, it must be spontaneously broken to give the heavy right-handed neutrinos if we assume the seesaw mechanism.

In the case of a gauged B в€' L, the gauge boson associated with this symmetry will Z' boson as a new force carriers rather than Z0 of SM weak force

The anomalies that break baryon number B conservation and lepton number L conservation individually cancel in such a way that B в€' L is always conserved.

As we discussed the above hypothetical example of proton decay where a proton (B = 1; L = 0) would decay into a pion (B = 0, L = 0) and positron (B = 0; L = в€'1) and the conservation will be for B -L charge 1 = 0 + 1.

So via B-L model which is a simple extension of SM we get a new conservation (symmetry) quantum number B-L (the difference between the baryon charges (B) and the lepton charges (L) ) and an associated new force via Z' boson.

    Thank you for comment. Indeed, B-L=0 conservation appears in the minimal SU(5) GUT unification of the Standard model. However, absence of proton decay to pion and positron at the level predicted by this GUT model, as well as problems of magnetic monopole overproduction and washing out of baryon asymmetry due to electroweak sphaleron transition ruled out this simplest model of unification, making us to consider larger groups of GUT symmetry with correspondingly larger sector of new physics

    Dear Maxim Yurievich,

    Thank you for answer.

    I have another understanding of elementary particles. They are exited states (energy levels) of electrons, protons, photons and neutrons in the gravitation field. It is well known that electrons in the electric field of atom has energy levels s, p, d, etc. Accordingly the electrons are marked as s-electron, p-electron, d-electron, etc. If the lower energy level s is free the d-electron release the difference of energy as photon and moves to s level. In the terms of particle physics it means decay of d-electron to two particles: s-electron and photon.

    All experiments in the particle physics are made on the Earth. Hence the energy of particle represents allowed energy level of the Earth's gravitation field. For example the particles μ, π+, K+, D are exited states of electron in the levels 105.7, 139.6, 493.7, 1869.4 MeV. Particle research with accelerators is only investigation of energy level structure of Earth's gravitation field.

    The time of neutron decay has been found on the Earth. Hence 1000 s of mean life is only in the gravitation field of Earth. What is a lifetime in the different gravity fields is unknown. I suppose that in the space it can be very large like in the nucleons.

    Regards,

    Ilgaitis

      I would like to mention the well known experimental fact - fine-tuning of the physical parameters. This produces strong restriction to any theory and nevertheless remains underestimated. Fundamental laws must be organized in such a way to explain the fine tuning and it could be the loadstar for researchers. This concerns both particle physics and cosmology.

        Dear Ilgaitis,

        gravitational defect of mass can work only in very strong fields. In teh interstellar space of Galaxy it is three oreders of magnitude smaller, than we need to stabilize neutron. Therefore your model doesn't work.

        Dear Maxim Yurievich,

        I think just the opposite - medium gravitational fields reduces the neutron lifetime. If it were not, then nuclear reactions would not begin and the hydrogen nebulae would be converted to neutron stars.

        The truth can be established only experimentally.

        Regards

        Ilgaitis

        Thanks for your clarification,

        from your essay, Can we say that GUT must contain all the physical basis of cosmology? Also the cosmoparticlephysics may remove the doubts about the String theory problem or not? Finally Do you think the experimental probes for String theory and its phenomenology are possible?

        Best Regards,

        Nady

          Thank you for comment. Indeed, fine tuning demonstrates high sensitivity of evolution and structure of the Universe to the choice of particle physics parameters and their fundamental relationship.

          The physical basis of cosmology should be related not only to GUTs, but to probably more extended framework, like string theory. My hope is that methods of cosmoparticle physics can provide probe of string phenomenology in the combination of its indirect physical, astrophysical and cosmological signatures. Such set of probes should contain more consequences, than the number of invloved parameters: then the system of equations relative to these parameters is overdetermined and definite test is possible.

          Do you think that the proposed International Linear Collider (ILC) will help us in answering the cosmological questions which did not provide by the Tevatron and LHC colliders where we expected from the LHC casts light on some cosmological questions such as the nature of dark matter.

          Where from my point of view, the only success of the LHC is the discover of Higgs boson on 2012 but there are many questions have no answers as: Why dark matter doesn't matter here on Earth and will space reveal new properties at small distances such as extra dimensions or SuperSymmetry?

          I hope that the ILC gives answers for these questions and also relates the very small particle physics and the very large cosmology (cosmoparticle physics) and find out how these two fields fit together and plays the crucial role of opening the door to find new physics beyond the Standard Model and answering cosmological questions.

          Regards,

          Nady,

            The Cosmological and Astrophysics topics potentially addressed by the ILC are wide ranging and include:

            - Dark matter and dark energy

            - Mechanism of Baryogenesis

            - Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

            - Cosmic microwave background

            - Origin of large scale structure

            If any of the these ideas is realized in nature, the coming revolution in particle physics will also yield profound insights about the Universe, its contents, and its evolution.

              Greetings Max,

              It is a delight to see this essay, and to see you participating in this contest, after enjoying your wonderful lecture at FFP11 in Paris and publishing your article in Prespacetime journal. I am a fan of astroparticle Physics and I see you have made a great introduction to the subject. You have clearly set out how important it is to the overall progress of Physics, given that it probes regimes unattainable in any laboratory, but also explained that the cosmos paints a mute picture we cannot probe after the fact, to examine interactively how it happened. There is, of course, a lot more to say.

              I think astroparticle Physics works both ways. Properties of subatomic particles serve to precipitate cosmological events - like the onset of decoupling. But it is likely true the other way around, as well. If a 5-d precursor universe gave rise to our present 4-d spacetime, as in DGP gravity or in the Black Hole --> White Hole scenario of Pourhasan, Afshordi, and Mann, there may be particle species beyond the Standard Model trapped on the other side of the barrier. This might also include sterile neutrinos appearing in some octonionic inflation theories.

              I am thinking that such cosmological events could play a part in gauge fixing mechanisms, perhaps at the electroweak scale. My current essay talks a little about the idea I presented at FFP15, Gravitation by Condensation. This was inspired in part by recent work from Dvali and colleagues making an analogy of the quantum critical point in BEC formation with Schwarzschild event horizons. But there is an astroparticle angle there too that I don't cover much in my essay, because it is gravitons which condense at the gravitational radius - and the exact properties of gravitons remain poorly understood.

              All the Best,

              Jonathan

                Dear Maxim Yurievich Khlopov

                Just letting you know that I am making a start on reading of your essay, and hope that you might also take a glance over mine please? I look forward to the sharing of thoughtful opinion. Congratulations on your essay rating as it stands, and best of luck for the contest conclusion.

                My essay is titled

                "Darwinian Universal Fundamental Origin". It stands as a novel test for whether a natural organisational principle can serve a rationale, for emergence of complex systems of physics and cosmology. I will be interested to have my effort judged on both the basis of prospect and of novelty.

                Thank you & kind regards

                Steven Andresen

                  Dear Prof Maxim Yurievich Khlopov

                  Djrasthi... Very nice words..." Extension of the relationship between microscopic and macroscopic descriptions to the largest and smallest physical scales leads to the fundamental relationship of micro and macro worlds, studied by cosmoparticle physics in the proper combination of physical, astrophysical and cosmological signatures....

                  You have nicely said foundations of QM and Cosmology...

                  Here in my essay energy to mass conversion is proposed................ yours is very nice essay best wishes .... I highly appreciate hope your essay and hope for reciprocity ....You may please spend some of the valuable time on Dynamic Universe Model also and give your some of the valuable & esteemed guidance

                  Some of the Main foundational points of Dynamic Universe Model :

                  -No Isotropy

                  -No Homogeneity

                  -No Space-time continuum

                  -Non-uniform density of matter, universe is lumpy

                  -No singularities

                  -No collisions between bodies

                  -No blackholes

                  -No warm holes

                  -No Bigbang

                  -No repulsion between distant Galaxies

                  -Non-empty Universe

                  -No imaginary or negative time axis

                  -No imaginary X, Y, Z axes

                  -No differential and Integral Equations mathematically

                  -No General Relativity and Model does not reduce to GR on any condition

                  -No Creation of matter like Bigbang or steady-state models

                  -No many mini Bigbangs

                  -No Missing Mass / Dark matter

                  -No Dark energy

                  -No Bigbang generated CMB detected

                  -No Multi-verses

                  Here:

                  -Accelerating Expanding universe with 33% Blue shifted Galaxies

                  -Newton's Gravitation law works everywhere in the same way

                  -All bodies dynamically moving

                  -All bodies move in dynamic Equilibrium

                  -Closed universe model no light or bodies will go away from universe

                  -Single Universe no baby universes

                  -Time is linear as observed on earth, moving forward only

                  -Independent x,y,z coordinate axes and Time axis no interdependencies between axes..

                  -UGF (Universal Gravitational Force) calculated on every point-mass

                  -Tensors (Linear) used for giving UNIQUE solutions for each time step

                  -Uses everyday physics as achievable by engineering

                  -21000 linear equations are used in an Excel sheet

                  -Computerized calculations uses 16 decimal digit accuracy

                  -Data mining and data warehousing techniques are used for data extraction from large amounts of data.

                  - Many predictions of Dynamic Universe Model came true....Have a look at

                  http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/p/blog-page_15.html

                  I request you to please have a look at my essay also, and give some of your esteemed criticism for your information........

                  Dynamic Universe Model says that the energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation passing grazingly near any gravitating mass changes its in frequency and finally will convert into neutrinos (mass). We all know that there is no experiment or quest in this direction. Energy conversion happens from mass to energy with the famous E=mC2, the other side of this conversion was not thought off. This is a new fundamental prediction by Dynamic Universe Model, a foundational quest in the area of Astrophysics and Cosmology.

                  In accordance with Dynamic Universe Model frequency shift happens on both the sides of spectrum when any electromagnetic radiation passes grazingly near gravitating mass. With this new verification, we will open a new frontier that will unlock a way for formation of the basis for continual Nucleosynthesis (continuous formation of elements) in our Universe. Amount of frequency shift will depend on relative velocity difference. All the papers of author can be downloaded from "http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/ "

                  I request you to please post your reply in my essay also, so that I can get an intimation that you replied

                  Best

                  =snp

                    4 days later

                    Dear Professor Maxim Yurievich Khlopov the ideas in your essay correspond to the modern level of development of physics and deserve the highest praise.

                    Fundamental relationship Foundations of cosmology and particle physics in principle identities spaces and matters Descartes'. Look at my essay, FQXi Fundamental in New Cartesian Physics by Dizhechko Boris Semyonovich Where I showed how radically the physics can change if it follows the principle of identity of space and matter of Descartes. I hope you will not leave without attention to this principle and appreciate good New Cartesian Physics for his radicalism

                    Sincerely, Dizhechko Boris Semyonovich.

                    Though we hope that our modern understanding of cosmology implies new physics, its direct probes are limited and the set of proper indirect sinatures will be needed to come to definite conclusions on its features

                    Dear Jonathan,

                    Thank you for inetrest to my essay and for drawing my attention to yours. It is extreme pleasure to use the occasion of this contest to revive our earlier contacts.

                    Thank you for interest to my essay. Of course, I'll study attentively yours.