Essay Abstract

Mathematical descriptions of our universe are influenced by the presumed existence of dark matter which was introduced to explain a failure of Newton's law of gravity to predict the velocities of stars. This essay postulates a new equation for gravity derived from research undertaken by Professor Leonard Susskind and Professor Seth Lloyd. If this equation can more accurately predict the velocities of stars, the underlying theory supports the idea that our universe originates in an Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. In an AdS space, there may not be unresolvable Undecidability, Uncomputability, and Unpredictability issues. Our universe could have been designed to generate solutions to these issues. This essay is a first step in challenging the notion that 'there are rigorous arguments limiting what we can prove, compute and predict'. The essay describes how a new equation for gravity was derived and how it could be tested. This equation includes variables for the ages and temperatures of a star and galaxy as well as the history of their interaction. When these variables are ignored, the equation reduces to Newton's Law.

Author Bio

Michael Dalton is now Retired. He was awarded a PhD from Stanford University in Agricultural Economics.

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Respected Dr. Michael Dalton

it is very nice that you are using Newtonion gravitation. My 'Dynamic Universe Model' also uses the same. This model considers the simultanious gravitational attraction of all the bodies in the universe as an N- body problem solution. See its "No Dark matter" paper with the link..

"http://vaksdynamicuniversemodel.blogspot.in/2015/09/journal-of-astrophysics-aerospace.html "

Part of abstract of the above paper....

Abstract

This paper discusses about the theoretical "non-requirement" of dark matter, or in other words, there is no missing mass in galaxies. A singularity free and collision free n-body problem solution called dynamic universe model was used to find out the theoretical star circular velocity curves in a galaxy. Here five cases are presented. In the first case a HUGE mass at the center of galaxy, sun like stars and external galaxies are assumed, when plotted, the graph of last iteration shows disk formation and velocities achieved. This circular velocities verses radius graph looks exactly similar to observations by astronomers. In all the other cases, either the central mass is missing or external galaxies are missing or both are missing where resulting graphs look different. It can be inferred that the theoretical requirement of dark matter is calculation error, that no dark matter (missing mass) is required according to dynamic universe model. This prediction was first presented in Tokyo University in 2005. Later the findings from LUX in 2013 the (Large Underground Xenon) experiment confirmed this prediction. ...............

Kindly have a look at my essay Please........

https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3416

" A properly deciding, Computing and Predicting new theory's Philosophy "

Best wishes to your paper....

=snp

    In Susskind's article "Entanglement Is Not Enough", arXiv, 2014, there is no mention of Milgrom or MOND. I say that Milgrom is the Kepler of contemporary cosmology -- on the basis of overwhelming empirical evidence. Have you carefully studied the empirical evidence related to the predictions of Milgrom's MOND?

    Mordehai (Moti) Milgrom, Weizmann Institute of Science

      Mr Gupta,

      Thank you for your interest in my paper. I have read through your paper and made some comments on it in your thread.

      With regard to my paper, space did not allow me to draw out the implications of the methodology for deriving Newton's Law of Gravity from a set of theoretical ideas. Empirical validation would provide support for a new metaphysical explanation of the origin of our universe. In that context your ideas on philosophical theory need further study.

      Dr Brown,

      Thank you for pointing out the absence of any mention of MOND. Your comment gives me a better appreciate of the different perspectives people may bring to my paper.

      First, I want to acknowledge Professor Milgrom's contribution to improving understanding of the velocity rotation curve.

      Contrary to the impression given by the title of my paper, the objective of the paper is to highlight what I regard as a possible advancement of the research carried out by Professors Susskind and Lloyd. Their research includes investigating quantum computational complexity. Professor Susskind's research, in particular, investigates phenomena in Anti-de Sitter (AdS) space. It can be very difficult to develop empirically testable hypotheses arising from this kind of research.

      My paper is concerned with developing an empirically testable hypothesis. The example used in my paper involves an equation for predicting the velocity rotation curve of stars. My claim is that this example may be a way of empirically testing Susskind and Lloyd's ideas. This equation derives Newton's Law of Gravity from a set of theoretical ideas rather than being deduced from empirical observations. I point out in my paper that the equation may need to be modified as a result of empirical testing. I am happy to acknowledge that MOND may provide useful ideas for modifying the equation. There are, however, many kinds of modifications and the essay guidelines only allow for contributions of 25,000 characters. Space did not allow me to mention the merits of the various possibilities.

      Dear Dalton,

      You mean you can use Newtons law to derive the origins of Universe, What about Blue shifted Galaxies....???

      Best

      =snp

      I have not previously considered any relationship between blue shifted galaxies and the equations in my paper. The following are some speculative thoughts.

      Equation 2.4 suggests the expansion in the fabric of the universe is a function of the temperature of the universe and time. The expansion of our universe reflects the growth in quantum computational complexity over time. The temperature in equation 2.4, however, is the average temperature of the galaxy. There are regional differences in temperatures in our universe. Computation is quicker at higher temperatures, so when space expands to store more computations, smaller overall expansion would be needed when that expansion in space is concentrated in higher temperature regions of the universe.

      An implication of my paper is that gravity is information not a force; information about the locations of masses. Galaxies that appear to move away from other galaxies (red-shifted) do not move, the space between the galaxies expands. Our universe may follow a physics law describing where space is to expand e.g. when the temperature of a region of space is below the average temperature the space will not expand; space only expands in regions experiencing above average temperatures. The Kolmogorov equation for gravity, on the other hand, may reduce (erase) space between masses. In other words, galaxies may be blue shifted when the Kolmogorov effect between galaxies erases more space than is created locally as a result of the overall expansion in the size of the universe.

      Galaxies are red-shifted when the rate of growth in a region of space exceeds the gravitational attraction between the galaxies. If the expansion in space is smaller in colder regions compared to other regions, there is a greater possibility that the gravitational attraction (erasure of space) between galaxies exceeds the expansion in space between them. Speculating a bit more, due to the existence of blue shifted galaxies, there may be a relationship between the size of the gravitational constant in the Kolmogorov equation and the size of the cosmological constant when the latter constant measures the rate of increase in the expansion of the universe. If the rate of increase in the expansion of the universe varies over time (due to falls in the temperature of the universe) then the size of the gravitational constant may also vary over time. Furthermore, the gravitational constant may vary across different regions in the universe.

      An empirical test for the accuracy of the equations in my paper could be to examine if blue shifted galaxies are more likely to be found where the region of space between our galaxy and a blue shifted galaxy is colder than other regions. According to astronomers, there are about 100 galaxies moving toward us. Considering there are hundreds of billions of galaxies in the universe, blue-shifted galaxies seem quite rare. Those galaxies moving towards us are either part of our Local Group, which means that we are gravitationally connected to each other, or they are found in the Virgo Cluster which everything in our Local Group is moving towards. https://www.spaceanswers.com/deep-space/apart-from-andromeda-are-any-other-galaxies-moving-towards-us/

      The idea that the temperature of a region could affect the rate of expansion of space in that region is consistent with the Kolmogorov equation that describes how changes in temperature during the lifetime of a star could affect the strength of gravity. The MOND explanation of the rotation curves of galaxies works well for many galaxies including stars in dwarf galaxies with low surface brightness. Such galaxies may have a higher proportion of cooling stars than other galaxies and thus exhibit velocity rotation curves that are flatter than those predicted by Newton's law. See my response to David Brown's comment on my paper.

      Best wishes and thanks for your perceptive comment.

      Following your comment on my paper, I have given some thought linkages between the ideas in my paper and MOND. As I understand from a recent paper by Professor Milgrom "The a0 - cosmology connection in MOND" https://arxiv.org/pdf/2001.09729.pdf, Milgrom has been thinking about the 'FUNDAMOND' - the more basic theory underlying MOND phenomenology. He has identified a numerical relation connecting the MOND acceleration constant, a0, the speed of light, and characteristic cosmological parameters.

      I suggest that the Kolmogorov equation for gravity in my paper may provide some help in explaining the size of the MOND acceleration constant.

      For example, Professor Jacob Bekenstein in his paper "Relativistic gravitation theory for the MOND paradigm" https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0403694.pdf, argues that MOND has had many successes in predicting the rotation curves of galaxies. Some of these successes are dwarf galaxies which have low surface brightness.

      The Kolmogorov gravity equation suggests that when the temperature of a star falls over its lifetime, the strength of gravity increases. In other words, if stars with low surface brightness have cooled over their lifetimes, they may exhibit higher velocities than would be expected from Newton's law of gravity for the same distance from the centre of the galaxy.

      An achievement of MOND could be identifying metrics for the life cycles of different types of stars and galaxies.

      The actual values of some of the variables in the Kolmogorov gravity equation are likely to be impossible to measure, such as where a star was formed in terms of its distance from the centre of a galaxy. If MOND metrics reflect different types of stars and galaxies, it may be possible to use a MOND metric to make a good guess at some of these initial values. If such guesses are subsequently shown to improve predictive accuracy of the velocities of stars in other galaxies, the variables in the Kolmogorov gravity equation may help Milgrom in his quest to develop "the more basic theory underlying MOND phenomenology". For example, the size of the cosmological constant could be related to the size of a gravitational constant. Please see my response to Mr Gupta's comment about Blue shifted galaxies.

      I wish you good luck in promoting your ideas.

      25 days later

      Dear Michael

      I greatly appreciated your work and discussion. I am very glad that you are not thinking in abstract patterns.

      While the discussion lasted, I wrote an article: "Practical guidance on calculating resonant frequencies at four levels of diagnosis and inactivation of COVID-19 coronavirus", due to the high relevance of this topic. The work is based on the practical solution of problems in quantum mechanics, presented in the essay FQXi 2019-2020 "Universal quantum laws of the universe to solve the problems of unsolvability, computability and unpredictability".

      I hope that my modest results of work will provide you with information for thought.

      Warm Regards, `

      Vladimir

      I really enjoyed your essay. I am glad that you are critical of the fantastic hypothesis of non-baryonic Dark Matter. I wrote about this in my book "The Death of Dark Matter: Philosophical Principles in Physical Cognition." I write there that non-baryonic dark matter is the "idol of the scientific subconscious". (You can download the file at Internet.) Since I found a similarity between our approaches, I decided to give you a rating positively. I hope that you will also read my essay and evaluate it positively.

      New ontology: algorithmic laws and the flow of time by Pavel Vadimovich Poluian

      I wish you the realization of your bold ideas and projects.

      Yours sincerely -

      Paul Poluian,

      Siberian Federal University

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