Nowadays, as far as I see, more and more researchers working on to save black holes. Therefore, I think, some interesting experiments can be linked to my essay.
The most accepted view about black holes is that information crossing their horizons, glows and leaves in the form of radiation. So, after a while, the black hole itself runs out of material and disappears. However, some interesting theories have been born recently explaining the possibility that there might be something beyond black holes.(1)
There are a couple of very interesting phenomena emerging when we examine the so-called mathematical, fictitious black holes. These are not really existing black holes, but so-called thought experiments that scientists are working on in order to understand how black holes work. Nevertheless, in such cases, we have to accept the fact that we do not study black holes under astronomical conditions, but with fictitious mathematical, and abstract methods.
Mathematical modelling and calculations show, that information falling into the black hole can still be saved from destruction, as black holes can store, transmit, and distribute information much more efficiently than it was thought. Some experiments showed even more interesting phenomena. Stepping into a higher dimension, lot more types of black holes emerge, in multiple shapes, with multiple horizons with different rings, spheres, and various forms.
Moreover, in some experiments, string theorists have studied the phenomenon of how black holes would behave in a narrowing space in a universe with a negative cosmological constant. In such a case, the horizon of the black holes can be an infinite plane. So, according to the researchers, in a higher dimension in a universe with a negative cosmological constant, black holes are eternal.
For example, we can play with the idea that our present expanding universe, with a positive cosmological constant, might shrink in certain places, for example near black holes. Then, our space-time slowly slides toward a negative cosmological constant, at the same time, slowly slides into the higher dimension, the infinite existence of black holes. In my essay, I discuss the same scenario, but with a different geometric approach. Both approaches allow the assumption that one-time events in our world exist forever in the hidden higher dimension, in the form of information. The hidden dimension only contacts our present space-time system with certain tentacles, and they appear as certain events and phenomena. (In my essay, I explain in details, how eternal processes show their information as a holographic projection onto the surface of our space-time. In fact, in this case, it really doesn't matter if they are a one-second big bang or a billion-year-old black hole.)
According to another mathematical experiment, there can be other ways out of information destruction too.(2) According to the study, there is a mathematical solution where the information does not burn and the black hole does not evaporate but can live on by smuggling back the Einstein equations, through a kind of weak singularity. The outcome remains uncertain and unpredictable because the characteristics of spacetime here are not known for sure. Therefore, equations can point into any direction of the past or the future, but the information itself remains. The researchers started from an interesting assumption: if we do not assume that we have a so-called smooth basis for creating a working formula, and we derive our formulas from an uncertain baseline, Einstein formulas still can work. In this case, the vague area from which we form our formulas is the area of the so-called smooth singularities. The calculations of Mihalis Dafermos and Jonathan Luk indicate a kind of infinite spacetime possibility in the so-called smooth, light-like singularity of black holes.
In many cases, quantum physics comes to a similar conclusion.(3) Leonard Susskind and Juan Maldacena concluded that certain black holes could be connected to form wormholes, ER (Einstein Rosen bridge), and this could be linked to the phenomenon of quantum entanglement, EPR (Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen). So: ER = EPR. Moreover, in fact, the two phenomena are one, and basically, they are two manifestations of the same thing. In other words, when we experience the simultaneity of entanglement, then, we experience two ends of a microscopic wormhole. If this is true, then the information is able to flow through intertwined wormholes. Experiments have finally demonstrated how black holes are able to form a wormhole and flow information by the phenomenon of quantum entanglement. So, there can be a coherent network of black holes and wormholes in an extended space-time, showing infinite values in which information can flow easily. Researchers believe that such entanglement can connect even the most distant points of the universe, and in fact, these connections hold the universe together.
Since I base my essay on the fact that space and time are inextricably linked, I believe that if such intertwined wormholes are able to connect the most distant points of space, they also connect the most distant times. And since the phenomenon of quantum entanglement is all about that simultaneity, I can assume that the past, present, and even the distant future can be connected in wormholes. "I think we now understand that space-time really is just a geometrical representation of the entanglement structure of these underlying quantum systems," said Mark Van Raamsdonk, a theoretical physicist at the University of British Columbia.(4)
Both Susskind and Maldacena were greatly inspired by the work of Mark Van Raamsdonk, who conducted a thought experiment that suggested that the quantum entanglement and space-time are closely related. According to Raamsdonk, our present relative space-time structure emerges from the timeless quantum field.
Examining fictitious space-time structures, we see that certain fictitious spaces -- de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter spaces -- emerge like holograms from the field of interconnected qubits. In these distorted worlds, such as Anti-de Sitter spaces, the spatial components will become shorter and shorter as we move away from the centre. Eventually, certain spatial dimensions will disappear and there will be one less spatial dimension at the borders than inside the space. The curved space of the AdS structure and the disappearing spatial dimension is very similar to the space curves near the black holes, as I mentioned at the beginning of this comment. (This presumption is supported by very recent research: if we disrupt an AdS-type negative-curvature spatial system, we can most likely create a narrowing space, and even a very extreme and special spatial curvature, an anomaly, i.e. a black hole.(5) So, we can play with the idea the other way around. If a black hole is formed by the collapse of a star, can it create an AdS, negative curvature space around it?)
However, another fictitious geometry of space has also been studied, the so-called de Sitter space, where, unlike Anti-de Sitter space, it is not space but time that disappears in infinity. There is infinite expansion here, with a positive cosmological constant. At the boundaries of de-Sitter space, the fabric of space-time stretches so hard, that all kinds of causal connections disappear. Although scientists do not yet know exactly how, in both cases the space-time is somehow reborn at the infinite boundaries and the fabric of space-time is re-woven. At the boundaries of the shrinking AdS space, from the field of qubits, a new space-time structure may somehow form with a reborn spatial dimension, while, at the same time, a new space-time structure with a reborn time dimension may form at the boundaries of the dS space.(4) (Although not all details are known yet, the smooth and eternal space-time structure of qubits, at least, provides a good basis for defining and calculating the internal space-time characteristics, according to Raamsdonk.)
So, I had this wild idea to twist the higher-dimensional enclosing space - encompassing de Sitter and Anti-de Sitter surfaces -, and bend the space-time structure to the other direction, in order to obtain the wormholes and tentacles of quantum entanglement. It is exactly the fixed-time quantum world that can be considered a constant system. So, as Raamsdonk mentioned, it can be a reliable basis to deriving and calculating the values of the relative space-time system. Now, we got to my mania again: placing clocks, not in the constantly changing and uncertain space-time structure of the universe, but in the network of the entangled fixed-time wormholes, because its fixed, perpetual space-time seems to be a more secure basis.
Since I still believe in the old Einsteinian formulation, that space and time are inseparable and closely related, I believe that these two fictitious spatial forms and systems can be connected, obviously with the interconnected wormholes. And if I want to link spatial points, I also must connect time points.
According to the present measurements, our universe has positive curvature, an expanding structure similar to de-Sitter space. Well, however, our expanding universe near the large masses can transform into a narrowing space with a kind of AdS structure, in which a spatial dimension disappears and slowly transforms into a time dimension to reach a wormhole network showing infinite time values. There, the fabric of space-time can be re-woven, as many scientists assume, with the birth of new universes. In this case, expanding universes with dS curvature can be born, as a part of the infinite time dimension "explodes" into space, thus creating a new space-time structure.
Our own external dS world shatters, disappears, and all existing material and information falls into an AdS-curved wormhole-network showing the infinite values mentioned at the beginning of this comment. We can not really perceive this AdS structure, because it is slipping into another, a higher dimension. Yet, our finite, countable and perceptible positive space-time structure slides into the wormhole network, an infinitely long space-time structure.
If new universes can be born in the extreme and shrinking space-time structure of black holes, then they have far less material than our entire universe. The information stored or transmitted in one black hole only contains a few galaxies. What are the characteristics of these new smaller universes? What are their main materials? What cosmological characteristics do they have? Can life form in these universes? Are new universes constantly being born or just once? Can each be as fine-tuned as ours to create life? How could these universes be discovered? Is it possible that we are also formed in a huge black hole? Was our black hole formed in an even vaster universe? Are child universes infinitely small? Are our ancestors infinitely big? How big was the very first black hole?
Well, as I mentioned above, if we connect systems in space - both various spatial structures and quantum entanglements -, these must also meet in time. The two things cannot be separated. If we assume that the quantum entanglement can bring together the most distant points of space, then at the same time the most distant times. So, intertwined wormholes have a special property that allows them to connect the furthest points of the universe in space, in an unimaginable short way, and it follows that it connects even the most distant points in time at the point of intertwined simultaneity in the singularity of the black holes and the big bang. The question is what kind of universe has this big bang.
Accepting the fact, that our singularities (AdS, dS, big bang, black hole) and entanglements are the manifestation of something common thing, energy or power, - as I mentioned above in experiments of Susskind and Maldacena -, we have to accept, that eternal and simultaneous pointlike values must meet somewhere in the eternal quantum field. This quantum field is in the higher dimension, where time and space is eternal and also pointlike, and quantum information are simultaneous, all causal values disappear, only information remains. In this interpretation, the quantum entanglement that creates wormholes serves to eliminate the causal relationships in the system. Wormholes are tentacles and holograms projected onto our space-time surface, coming from the non-causal quantum world, just like our own big bang with our black holes.
1.
The Double Life of Black Holes
https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-double-life-of-black-holes-20190129/
Sabine Hossenfelder
January 29, 2019
2.
Mathematicians Disprove Conjecture Made to Save Black Holes
https://www.quantamagazine.org/mathematicians-disprove-conjecture-made-to-save-black-holes-20180517/
Kevin Hartnett
May 17, 2018
3.
Wormholes Untangle a Black Hole Paradox
https://www.quantamagazine.org/wormhole-entanglement-and-the-firewall-paradox-20150424/
K.C. Cole
April 24, 2015
4.
Quantum Gravity's Time Problem
https://www.quantamagazine.org/quantum-gravitys-time-problem-20161201
Natalie Wolchover
December 1, 2016
5.
New Math Proves That a Special Kind of Space-Time Is Unstable
https://www.quantamagazine.org/black-holes-prove-that-anti-de-sitter-space-time-is-unstable-20200511/
Steve Nadis
May 11, 2020