Peter,

Congratulations.

The essay theme and your essay title implicitly pose the question whether they are inclusive enough to admit the possibility that either, both or neither options truly represent reality. Insofar as the great preponderance of questions, asked and unasked to date, remain unanswered, it is reasonable to presume that of all the possible definitions of reality of which we are aware the probability that any one or more are correct is very low.

A few issues arise from the contents of your essay and the mind of an itinerant sceptic:

1. Time:

Regarding the maximum speed of light, one can't but wonder whether any such speed, when measured along the axial alignment of a light beam, following an axial path described by its helical array, or measured by a instrument travelling tens of thousands of miles an hour through space but not knowing what that speed is measured relative to - all constitute little more than much ado about nothing.

2. Space:

Einstein's notion of space not being a continuous absolute void may merit revisiting. We suffer from an obdurate confusion between space as volume, dimensions that are means of describing it, and what space contains, which are merely contents. In accepting this thesis we can more clearly recognize that appearances of curved space can be easily explained as being patterns of energy force fields that arise from the uneven distribution of energy in the universe.

3. Gravity:

As a result of experiment and observation we are predisposed to thinking that nature abhors a vacuum, vacuum being unfilled void or space. By nature we mean the totality of all phenomena that exhibit behaviour. Vacuum, which we consider to be devoid of behaviour, we conclude to be hostile and unnatural. We take this position because our immediate environment is almost totally natural. It teems with phenomena exhibiting behaviour. But if we take the larger, God-like view of all there is, we find that vacuum is the dominant condition. What is common to our experience is that forces tend to flow towards matter. The God-like view of all there is would logically reverse polarities and hold that vacuum is natural, and what we call nature to be an imperfection of vacuum. To illustrate this distinction, consider vacuum to be at its most concentrated condition furthest removed from matter.

As we approach matter there is a gradual dilution of vacuum, in the case of the earth an atmospheric layer polluting the vacuum. As we reach the surface of solid matter, there is an abrupt paucity of vacuum, void remaining only in the interstitial spaces between conglomerate matter, between atomic particles, and at the smaller scale within atomic structures separating electrons from nuclei. So in matter we find an exhibition of defiance against vacuum, the exception that proves the rule. What is the rule? The rule is that vacuum (unfilled void or space) abhors nature, and flows to fill its absence. It is the energy of the flow of vacuum, attracted like water or air to areas of low resistance, that Newton called gravity and Einstein attributed to dimples in space. Newtons magnetic theory and Einsteins space-time curvature are metaphors describing their conclusions regarding a general tendency of matter to move and accelerate towards matter. Gravity is viewed as an attractive force because it impinges upon the observer as a matter of fact. Both Newton and Einstein are substantially correct; the mathematics works for them as indeed it has to for the thesis of this proposition, the difference being that, if one is truly attempting to describe the cosmos objectively, one must not take oneself or ones home planet as being the normal environment or natural condition in space, but rather an aberration of the dominant medium of the cosmos, vacuum.

It is only by externalizing the observer from the event that he can view it objectively. A river is not a river when viewed from the centre of its action, it is an environment. The logic of the situation demands that, as in biology, one should establish the physiology of normality against which one can then compare departures from the norm. Newtons and Einsteins theories when measured by these standards are upside down. They still work, just as a good thermometer measures cold as efficiently as it measures heat; it is simply calibrated the wrong way since cold is the predominant and therefore normal condition and heat merely a reduction of cold, as an aberration. Logically what we call gravity is antigravity; matter is low-density, denatured (or natured if you prefer) vacuum, and what we call nature is the exception. We tend to think of vacuum as suction. In the world of logical reality we, that matter, are the suckers struggling not to be blown away by the flow of vacuum. That flow is Nirvana from the Sanskrit nir meaning out, and vati meaning it blows.

Dear Edwin, you write

"You seem to believe that mathematics is the core reality, and that physical reality is somehow secondary and limited or constrained by mathematical equations."

It is always interesting for me to see how others 'know' what I 'think'! Nothing unusual about that. I am sure I do exactly the same think to others. It's the reason and the need for a sustained dialog. I am always happy to engage in such.

Since the issue for you is what I think about 'reality', I'd be happy to try to explain directly.

I believe that we can only know our 'measurements' of 'what is' and not 'what is'. Though I do not doubt that there is an 'objective reality' ('what is') it's a mute point for me to seek to describe it. The quantity eta in my essay (closest to being 'what is') is left undefined because it is in principle undefinable. Eta does not drop out of a mathematical equation, but it is used to develop mathematical descriptions of what we measure. In my view, all attempts to 'mathematically model' the Universe are flawed and will fail. My work does not involve 'mathematical models' of the Universe. But it does involve math and mathematical reasoning.

I do not give mathematics the value and importance that you say I do. The failing of physics is in not providing us with physical explanations that make sense. Not for insufficient mathematics. For me, mathematics is only a tool, a language. It can be used for good or for ill. All mathematical statements are conditional. These can never tell us, therefore, 'what is' true.

In my opinion, mathematics connects us to the Universe through 'measurement' and the mathematical identities that describe the 'interaction of measurement'. That is why I try to make such a 'big deal' of my simple and elegant proof in my essay that shows Planck's Law is an exact mathematical identity that describes the interaction of measurement. This is also the reason why Planck's Law gives such remarkably exact fit to experimental data. Have you checked the link in my last post? It is remarkable! You cannot distinguish the experimental blackbody spectrum from that obtained theoretically from Planck's Formula. Such extreme degree of accuracy can only be the result of a mathematical tautology. That I show Planck's Law is!

Your C-field that is defined by variations of Maxwell's equations is a 'mathematical model' of the Universe. A better question would be "Why are there Maxwell's equations"? Do you believe Maxwell's equations came from God? It's human hubris to think that God would be so preoccupied! Edwin, I have come to doubt everything! I don't believe in elementary particles and I don't believe in immutable Universal Laws of Nature, ready made to be discovered by men. But I do believe in Mathematics! Just as I deeply and profoundly understand its limitations!

Constantinos

James

I'm happy to give the logical DFM derived view.

In logic if just one of the initial axioms is imperfect the whole model is false. In the accelerated expansion model there is no continuum (from which particles condense) as this is what Einstein believed he was forced to assume to explain constancy of 'c' (CSL) for all observers in Special Relativity. (SR) In this case the alternative 'tired light' alternative was not adopted.

However. The need for that assumption is now removed by the DFM. By advances in our brain power we can see (well, ..only some of us so far!) that there is a simple logical answer to CSL via the local speed change at local fields (SR and GR are after all 'Local' theories, as Maxwells.) I point out the well know boundary mechanism of Stokes scattering at the plasmaspheric/ ionospheric shocks and Halos', but our brains must be able to visualise one more dynamic variable that most of us can to understand inertial fields. (Einsteins "infinitely many 'spaces' in relative motion").

So he was right in saying "Space without ether is unthinkable", and the well know impedence and resistivity of the continuum/ medium/ C Field/Ether/ 'Inter stellar medium or whatever you wish to call it to EM waves does NOT have to be ignored any more. This means certainly SOME of the redshift is due to the medium. Precisely how much we don't yet know (and it'll take 10 years for most to catch up with this at all!).

There's also the matter of calculation; take a 1ft length of elastic, mark the centre, put one end by your eye and stretch it. Does the end move away faster than the centre? Of course not! And don';t forget how long the light takes to get from the end just to the centre, and the same(ish) again to the eye. Again, with maths, if the initial concept is incorrect the results are nonsense. You must understand z is nor speed, it needs apriory assumption of speed. Anyway, that's less important than the above.

But the other paper (you read?) gives the other evidence of the process, which is only consistent with a decline in speed! so we can approximate expansion rate more accurately. How are you getting on so far?

Peter

    Peter,

    Excellent, excellent, excellent. You win the prize as far as I have read so far in all the essays. It isn't just the content, but the sense of zeal you communicate for the subject.

    The one thing I think I have learned from this whole experience in this essay review is how difficult it is to express new thoughts in science. Everything that is ever stated has to be reflected against the work of all the other "pillars" of science in the past. You do a great job of it.

    My personal view of the universe is very simple, but this essay contest has made me realize that science has made everything so complicated that it is impossible to communicate. Damn that tower!

    Pete

    Peter,

    It took me quite a while to find the context of DFM (Discrete Field Model), which was key... I think I am following your conception and don't object to anything so far.

    However, I should explain to you that I refernced the 'z ~ recessional velocity' perspective because it seems to be commonly held by astronomaers. It is my simple view that (short duration SN) light emitted long ago has been independently propagating (coincidentally in our eventual direction) through expanding spacetime as the Milky Way has been receeding away from the approaching light. I recognize this view is also limited, but I think actually more corrct that the astronomers' view that all distant galaxies are receding away from 'us'.

    I also suspect that the universal medium is the field of universal kinetic energy that initially produced spacetime and continues to produce its expansion, that is locally contracted by the potential energy of mass, which is in turn agrregated by that external field of kinetic energy. But I'm still thinking about it...

    I read the second paper (book chapter) some time ago and did not focus on it. Can you please mention what specidfically you're referring to as the 'other evidece of the process'?

    Please continue, further commenting on any misconceptions you may identify.

    Thanks,

    Jim

    Peter,

    It may help you to know that I'm considering the cosmological redshift of light from distant galaxies to be solely the product of the kinetic energy of spacetime expansion, physically, linearly extending the wavelength of light. In this way there is no relative motion involved, but distance is increased.

    Jim

    P.S. Sorry for the poor spelling in the preceding comment...

    Gary

    Thanks for your appreciation.

    As a member of UK sceptics I fully understand your questions;

    1. Time; You have to carefully think through the implications of CSL. They are massive in foundational terms, the constant around which all else is built. E = fLambda only because c = flambda. There is no distance without CSL, so no 'known' solar system or universe. There may be tiny adjustments with frequency, but it's more essential to nature than we realise.

    2. Space; I agree, and have shown it's demise was unnecessary. But although 'continuum' is now the fashionable word it only does this as a 'dis-continuum', more of a dynamic 'block' universe - each in relative motion. Einstein knew and said it was, he just didn't have the plasmasphere evidence we do for what forms the boundaries.

    3. Gravity. The logical conclusions of the above in the DFM derives an unbelievably simple solution to the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass that gave us GR. The faster a body or particle moves through the condensate the more mass condenses. That's it. no more, no less. OK I lied, it's also obviously proportional to size, and frequency (synchrotronic) is directly proportional to the change in f needed to preserve c and E. Look at heavenly bodies; the Earths plasmasphere reduces dramatically in the evening, when the 'solar wind' stops bashing into it! And look at what happens around particles in accelerators, and also in the pipe at the accelerating magnets. (the plasma is made of photo- or 'virtual' electrons, i.e.ions.

    And what do em waves do when they go through a plasma cloud? diffract, to implement the effects of curved space time, confirming the quantum mechanism for GR. Of course we'll still need something like your gradient in the (dis)continuum to complete the job. This is not new physics its just the best logical fit to the evidence.

    Where did we think matter condensed from anyway!? Now we just need a good word for it. What's the Sanscrit for discontinuum, or 'field'?

    It seems the real problem is not that it's too simple, but that we have been.

    Peter

    Jim

    We crossed in cyberspace (at relative 2 x 'c')! The other paper link is; http://vixra.org/abs/1102.0016

    I don't think astronomers do exactly what you may assume they do, and certainly don't consider us as the centre of the universe, but agree there are other axiomatic starting points. Read the link paper first, it's part of the basis of a full paper just accepted for peer review, but is a bit more hardcore!

    Peter

      Constantinos

      Sorry I'd missed your post! they're a bit thick and fast. Congrats on your good public score, but I refer to the Community ratings, which are the ones that count. click the right hand option at the top of the page for which order to show the essays in. I checked and I had given you your well earned (top) community score earlier.

      Now if you can just help by collaborating and sticking some maths onto mine as well it might be taken note of by the odd physicist!

      But you'd better absolutely fully understand it and it's implications first; http://vixra.org/abs/1102.0016 and let me know of any closer linked relationships between ours, like plasmon diffraction (delay) at various ion densities?

      Best wishes

      Peter

      Peter,

      Thanks, for pointing out my lower-than-yours community rating! This is a surprise to me since in my essay I am presenting some truly radical and significant ideas, all clearly and convincingly argued with mathematical reasoning. The results in my essay have also experimental confirmation!

      In an earlier post I included a link to the COBE cosmic background radiation spectra that shows the experimental data matching EXACTLY the theoretical blackbody spectrum obtained from Planck's Law. The FIRAS data match the curve so exactly, with error uncertainties less than the width of the blackbody curve, that it is impossible to distinguish the data from the theoretical curve.

      My simple and elegant mathematical derivation of Planck's Law CAN ANSWER this remarkable experimental fact. It is the ONLY explanation to this exact fit! I in fact show that Planck's Law is an exact mathematical tautology that describes the interaction of measurement. So clearly, what the 'sensor' is measuring will match EXACTLY what Planck's Law predicts. This goes along well also with your 'locality/reality' principle!

      Peter, I know you have spend great intellectual effort showing why the speed of light is constant for all observers. I am currently working on an amazing simple mathematical proof of this that ties in with my previous results and with de Broglie matter waves! As soon as I have confirmed and double checked the math I will be posting this result. But I wanted you to have the first 'heads up' since this is an interest of yours. It has now also become an interest of mine! Thanks!

      Check the link to the COBE data and let me know your thoughts. I find this fascinating! Anything that has THAT kind of accuracy in Physics MUST be a mathematical tautology! Let that be an intellectual nudge to all the physicists out there that take pride (as rightly they should!) on the high accuracy of their QED results. Are we dealing here with more mathematical tautologies? Edwin, what do you think?

      The Age of Mathematical Modelings of the Universe are OVER!

      Constantinos

        Peter,

        Yes, I might agree, but consider that wikipedia's 'recessional velocity' entry includes the statement: "The recessional velocity of a galaxy is usually calculated from the redshift observed in its emitted electromagnetic radiation. The distance to the galaxy is then estimated using Hubble's Law," and that the referenced Riess, et al. paper repeatedly refers to the distances to observed distant supernovae...

        Your abstract looks very interesting - I will read it. It has previously occurred to me: if the (I agree) 'big whoosh' was spinning/rotating (don't the laws of physics demand it?), perhaps condensing matter was axially aligned, producing no antimatter!

        Similarly to an accelerating universe, I think dark matter was improperly derived. I wrote a short essay last year, "Mass Distribution Characteristics Invalidate the Galaxy Rotation Problem". I'm now working on a refining revision.

        Jim

        Pete

        Thanks again. I think the complexity only comes from lack of knowledge. We have so many layers of patches we've forgotten what simple beauty is. You're right, we're in a forest of pillars.

        I've designed a domed roof to span most of the space so many pillars can be cleared. The problem is it seems physics is truly belief based, and the pillars have been there so long most now believe the sky may fall on their heads if any are removed.

        Are we to become a failed experiment? An irrelevant blink of an eye? Surely it can't be up to one person!!?

        Have you read the recycling instructions yet?

        Peter

        Constantinos

        I confirm my belief that you may be a true genius, but we both have to invest more perspiration yet. It's the implications that matter. Have you read my recycling paper yet?;'Helical CMBR Asymmetry, Pre-Big Bang State, Dark Matter and the Axis of Evil.

        http://vixra.org/abs/1102.0016

        It raises questions about the claims of the implications of the radiation curve, which I always did suspect as including too much propaganda for the Big Bang model. There are some horribly worrying early assumptions which could easily invalidate the whole house of cards. I'm not criticising your mathematical tautology, there are areas I don't yet understand (do help me if you can) and I'm certain there is information of fundamental importance there, but I feel certain the whole truth is far from yet exposed.

        When we look back at similar cases we invariably find our first guesses and assumptions have proved embarrassingly wrong. Do we really believe we can sit back and confidently believe they must not be now?

        I believe your true genius will only be proven and seen by combining the math with a correct picture logically pattern matching more than just one snippet of data.

        Very best wishes

        Peter

          Peter,

          Your "true genius" categories and characterizations are not mine! I simply don't think in those terms. As I also don't think in terms of "good" and "evil", or judge other people. I don't think that any of this is really about me, or you! I love ideas, and I love to reason with ideas. I also have an insatiable need and desire to understand my world in a 'sensible' way. What I show in my essay goes a long way to satisfy this need.

          Point at hand. Have you checked the amazing link showing the indistinguishable match between experimental data and Planck's Law of the blackbody spectrum? Aren't you amazed? And if so, doesn't this beg the question "why so exact?".

          My essay provides just that answer! I show that Planck's Law is a mathematical tautology. There is nothing more accurate in Nature than the assertion that A = A. I also like to suggest for others more knowledgeable that the exceptional accuracy of QED may also be explained in the same fashion. That this also may be concealing mathematical tautologies that result in such exactitude. A mathematical trick of cards, as it were!

          Peter, you write "I feel certain the whole truth is far from yet exposed".

          The Whole Truth is ALWAYS exposed and right in front of us, in our sensible experience. It's our THEORIES that get in our way of seeing it!

          Peter, I believe in 100% inspiration and 0% perspiration. If it doesn't 'make sense', I don't bother!

          Constantinos

          "My essay provides just that answer! I show that Planck's Law is a mathematical tautology. There is nothing more accurate in Nature than the assertion that A = A. I also like to suggest for others more knowledgeable that the exceptional accuracy of QED may also be explained in the same fashion. That this also may be concealing mathematical tautologies that result in such exactitude. A mathematical trick of cards, as it were!"

          Constantinos,

          I am inclined to agree with you: any very high degree of accuracy smells like "math. truism".

          But what should all this imply concerning the nature of physical theories? It may mean, as I suggest in my essay, that science should not be about the numeric truisms but about the *structural* descriptions of "reality", which would be in line with the biological mechanisms of perception.

          Kostas

          Yes I read your link before I replied. Did you read mine? John m just posted an excellent link on the blogs showing most of the issue I have, you must read it; http://www.fqxi.org/data/forum-attachments/2008CChristov_WaveMotion_45_154_EvolutionWavePackets.pdf

          Step back and consider what the proof means physically, and what it's implications are. That's what's important. ...I'll explain.

          If you found two different but equally brilliant tautologies or maths truisms, one leading to no physical implications, one saving the world or feeding all the starving, I consider the latter to be 'of more value' to humankind, i.e. of more real importance to US.

          If, as you say, you may be happy to just find the solution, then not do the work to explain it to anyone, forget it and go looking for a way to drink more ouzo without getting a hangover, my personal view would be you'd not then be a genius but a worthless old fool.

          I agree the highest point of personal pleasure is in the eureka moment, but to leave it at that is very selfish, as members of the human race that should not be held in high esteem (though I agree it is too often!).

          Please do read my own linked paper and John's important link and come back with a broader overview of why the curve is the shape it is and so smooth, and if it proves only a 'big bang' and increasing as claimed. And what about 'last scattering'!!

          Peter

            Constantinos,

            Since you ask my opinion, I will say that the data are very impressive and your work is very impressive.

            What I do not necessarily agree with is your interpretation. As I have already addressed this above in the series of comments beginning with: "Constantinos Ragazas wrote on Mar. 1, 2011 @ 22:38 GMT" I don't think the details should be repeated here.

            I believe that you have some confusion about what I have done, and I am somewhat confused about your beliefs, despite that you have explained them to me several times.

            Edwin Eugene Klingman

            Peter,

            I read your essay. As far as we know, even in deepest space, there is no place with a complete vacuum. The index of refraction, n, will never be exactly 1 and there will always an effect of the momentum frame of the material be it solid, liquid, gas or plasma. But the index of refraction does change with frequency of electro-magnetic radiation, just look at a rainbow. Over the whole EM spectrum, the index of refraction (assuming you can find something that refracts gamma rays) changes wildly for any given material and can even be stated as complex for a plasma in radio frequency. You have a good point, for c, we have assumed an ideal that does not exactly exist.

            Jeff

            Constantinos,

            I do not "know" what you think, in fact I am somewhat confused about what you think, despite your efforts to explain it. I also believe that you are somewhat confused about what I have done.

            You state: "Your C-field that is defined by variations of Maxwell's equations is a 'mathematical model' of the Universe. A better question would be "Why are there Maxwell's equations"? Do you believe Maxwell's equations came from God? It's human hubris to think that God would be so preoccupied! Edwin, I have come to doubt everything! I don't believe in elementary particles and I don't believe in immutable Universal Laws of Nature, ready made to be discovered by men. But I do believe in Mathematics! Just as I deeply and profoundly understand its limitations!"

            I derived my model of the universe as I understand it over a year before I found out that Maxwell had come close to the same results 150 years ago. Today I use Maxwell's equations (which are not the same as my equations) for the simple reason that so many people have studied Maxwell's equations that they can immediately understand many things by analogy, despite the fact that Maxwell's electromagnetic equations are linear and the fields do not interact with themselves, whereas my C-field equations are non-linear in the Yang-Mills sense and lead to quite different results.

            Since you have expended quite a few words and I am still confused, I doubt that it is worth it to try to explain my beliefs. I have written several books in that mode if you wish to understand my beliefs. From what you say above, you do not understand me any better than I understand you.

            But that is not a problem. What you believe is not really my concern, as I have my own set of beliefs that may or may not overlap you but are certainly not identical to yours. Nor does what you believe have any bearing on my theory.

            As for Planck's constant, I derive it immediately from my Master equation, long before I derive the Maxwell or the C-field equations. The fact that my derivation is very different from your, contradicts your statement that "There is no explanation of this other than the one I offer, and it also (I believe) leads to a different conclusion as to the nature of Planck's constant.

            I do not confess to know what your interpretation is exactly, and every time you explain it I get a little more confused. I certainly can accept that 'eta' is your 'undefined' starting point. In my previous essay I chose the gravity field and consciousness as the 'undefined' and ultimately mysterious basis of my theory. All theories start with some axiom or other aspect that must simply be accepted.

            None of this implies that I do not like your results. I like your results very much, I am just not sure I buy your interpretation of your results, perhaps due to my lack of understanding.

            I do appreciate your attempts to explain to me.

            Edwin Eugene Klingman

            Peter,

            Reading those papers was 100% perspiration and 0% inspiration. The nebulae photos did provide some reprieve, however. But did you really have to lay that guilt trip on me? People are hungry because the world is run on egofuels! Not because I seek to know!

            You write, "Step back and consider what the proof means physically,"

            What proof? My proof showing that Planck's Law is a mathematical tautology? Although this result does explain the indistinguishable nature between theory and experimental fact, it has nothing to do with the Big Bank! In fact, I don't believe in the Big Bank! Actually, I don't believe in much of anything! That's what it means to be a free thinker!

            Peter, my participation in these blogs and in this contest shows a little of my commitment to get the truth out to the world! If I have just a little to do with bringing physics back to 'physical realism' and away from QM weirdness -- to "A World Without Quanta" -- I would feel deeply gratified! Demystifying people from QM-mysticism has profound physical consequences in their lives!

            Constantinos