Alternative Models of Cosmology

universe is eternal

I can understand and I respect your point of vue, but there still we cannot affirm. The universe can be a finite universe evolving in 3D and a time correlated with the motions. And now we arrive at this philosophy, I consider an infinite eternal consciousness in 0D like main primary energy and this thing that we cannot define has decided to create like a project for me, so the infinity and eternity are things that we must relativise it seems to me, we arrive still at this primary essence inside the physicality, if you consider that we had for example like god an infinite heat and it was conscious and that this things has fractalised this heat in creating these photons and that after with the GR it oscillates these photons at this planck scale with points or strings in 1D for exapmple and with the mass energy equivalence , so that explains the mass but all this are assumptions and it is there that we interpret philosophically the eternity and infinity correlated inside this physicality like linked like an illuison with the 3D universe and its motions and this irreversible time, all is a question of interpretations ontological ,epistemological, philosophical , we cannot affrim to know the truth due to these said limitations that I explained, we are all persuaded to understand the universe and its origin but we d be very surprised if we knew the real truth.Regards

Don t you see that the universe shows us the truths and that these 3D quantum spheres in a fluidity are probably the foundamental objects instead of strings or points in 1D in this GR . The universe is only generally made of 3D cosmological spheres and this shape is not like the others, there is no angle, it is the perfect equilibrium of forces, it permits the best motions, they can be deformed with the symplectomorphisms, it seems thay are the choice primary of this universe , it is the meaning of my theory of spherisation , an optimisation evolution of the universal sphere or future sphere with quantum and cosmological 3D spheres. The spherical topological geometrical algebras, the tool that I have invented , it is for this general theory.......

Dear Qspace,

My preprint "Bee Theory : Wave-Based Modeling of Gravity" is available for review at :

https://wiki.collaborativebee.com/images/0/06/20231226_BeeTheory_v2_EN.pdf

In this article, I identify that gravity is directly linked with the summation of ondular equation of particules.
I am please looking for a mathematical review of page 14, in the case of 2 particules with wavefunction of exp -r.

I would be pleased to receive comments and review on this article.

Thanks for your math help.

Best Regards,

Xavier

Hi everyone,
I'm writing to you today to share my scientific speculation, which I've published on my website: 4-Sphere Cosmology

Speculative Framework and Cosmological Context

This theoretical exploration focuses on Galactic Recession, though the cosmological nature of the model necessitates engagement with broader themes such as dark matter dynamics, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropies, and related phenomena. These interdisciplinary connections were introduced to rigorously test whether the proposed framework, under its foundational hypotheses, would lead to physically or observationally inconsistent scenarios.
To address these challenges, the model incorporates necessary assumptions that remain purely conjectural (see for example the page: The 4-Sphere Metric Tensor. Nevertheless, the cornerstone of this speculation lies in its alignment with Hubble’s Law and the empirical validation of stellar distance measurements. These elements serve as critical anchors to ensure consistency with established observational constraints.

Invitation for Feedback

I would love to hear your thoughts. Instead of reading the full essay, I recommend checking out the short pages on the site, which provide a concise summary of the key ideas.
However, the critical point remains in (see the essay):

1. What is written about the Apparent magnitude in Appendix 1
2. What about the Time dilation in Appendix 2
3. What about the resulting supernova distance in Appendix 3

If errors are present in these areas, this theory is falsified.

Error reports, constructive criticism, and scholarly dialogue are warmly encouraged.

request for help from astronomers

Here to validate my findings, I compare luminosity distances calculated from redshift (z) and distance modulus (μ). For my analysis, I believe it is critical to retain the approach outlined in Astrophysical Journal Letters v.413, p.L105 - The Absolute Magnitudes of Type IA Supernovae . This method is not only accessible due to its reliance on widely available computational tools but, more importantly, it avoids the need for K-corrections during the initial sample selection phase. This ensures that results remain independent of any assumed cosmological model.
To conduct further validations, I need to explore the data from JWST, particularly its redshifted filters. For example, for a supernova at z = 1.0, the B-band (≈450 nm) would be redshifted to 900 nm, meaning I should use the F090W filter. The challenge now is finding the necessary observational data that describe the explosion and decay phases of some supernova, ideally including comparison stars. The V-band should also be useful for this analysis.
Searching on MAST Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes becomes extremely challenging when formulating a generic query without knowing the target name (I struggled to identify a suitable supernova for my purposes).
So, I’d like to ask astronomers: Have JWST observations been conducted to capture the decay curves of Type Ia supernovae, specifically starting no later than maximum brightness and extending for at least 20 days post-maximum?

Key questions:

1. Is this method for deriving absolute magnitudes still valid, or is it considered outdated?
2. Can such data (light curves meeting the criteria above) be found in publicly accessible databases like MAST or others? How can I find them?

Dear forum members,
Following my previous thread error, I'm returning with a new proposal: a synthesis of various sources (based on a hypersphere-type model) designed for a clear and effective presentation.

It is encouraging to see how much interest the topic "hypersphere" is generating. Let's remember that, although Einstein proposed a static model in 1917, the idea of a spatially closed, finite, and boundless universe is historically linked to his work.
This idea, with such illustrious origins, has been revisited by many since. However, I think it's important to emphasize that all the models I've seen differ substantially from one another. Therefore, rather than focusing on the idea that unites them, I believe it's crucial to examine the descriptions that distinguish them.

In this spirit, I would like to present a model concerning Galactic Recession that I have developed. Its complexity and the references to arXiv publications (which I cannot summarize here) do not allow for a detailed description in this space.
The introduction of my research was uploaded on viXra as PDF. The latest version of the document

A new perspective on Hubble's law through a four-dimensional spatial model: 4-Sphere-Cosmology

is always freely available to everyone, after you click the link: [viXra:2504.0144], on the viXra page (Download are free and require no registration; at the time of writing, all other cited documents, most of them from arXiv, are also freely accessible).

That's the thing:
The recent observational capabilities of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) are opening new windows into the early universe, revealing distant galaxies whose apparent rapid formation poses significant questions to the standard ΛCDM cosmological model. Observations of galaxies at redshifts above 14 (see JADES-GS-z14-0), implying extremely old ages according to current FLRW metric-based distance assumptions, might stimulate a thorough reflection on fundamental cosmological principles. Will it be possible to explain all this without violating Hubble's law? But really, does violating the FLRW metric necessarily imply a violation of Hubble's law?

The Big Bang theory remains a robust and widely accepted paradigm. Nevertheless, any of its potential modifications could have profound implications for related fields, including Quantum Field Theory. This raises a fundamental question: is there a basic aspect that needs a conceptual revision? Although ΛCDM has achieved remarkable successes, many of its validations implicitly assume the FLRW metric. Could this dependence potentially introduce circular reasoning into model verification?

In this work, an alternative approach to the phenomenon of Galactic Redshift is proposed, offering a possible pathway for a careful modification of the ΛCDM model through the adoption of a non-FLRW metric. In this scenario, the Universe resides on the surface of a hypersphere expanding at a constant rate, with a radius growing as r = ct and with the Big Bang located at its center. This would explain why our physics manifests as if we were in a boundless system, despite the Universe having a finite volume: it suggests that, in the absence of Relativity, we would likely have been led to study an infinite and static universe.

While other models propose a hypersphere expanding with r = ct, an analysis of their main features reveals fundamental differences. The novelty of the model presented here lies in its definition of the Hubble constant: its geometry suggests a linear relationship between galactic recession and the arc angle (not the arc length). This perspective does not contest the validity of Hubble’s law, but introduces different predictions about the past and the future, which cannot be determined solely from current observations.

The use of the angle instead of the arc length produces significant implications, opening the possibility of applying Special Relativity to galactic recession. The redshift, which asymptotically approaches a time horizon of roughly 5 billion years after the Big Bang, implicitly explains why, at the boundaries of the observable Universe with JWST, we should not expect to see only "baby galaxies".

Specifically, the 4-Sphere framework, often considered part of alternative cosmologies, could potentially be reconciled with the Standard Model. Based on supernova distance measurements, I suggest that the dismissal of a Doppler-type redshift interpretation for Galactic Recession might warrant further and careful reconsideration.

[deleted] i have the theory for you
Title: Luxia Theory — A First-Principles Mechanical Field Approach to Gravity, Quantization, and Unification

Author: Macca McMahon
Date: 25/5/2025
**contact macca-mcmahon@proton.me
** X - TheLuxiaGuy

Abstract

This paper presents a unified mechanical field theory — Luxia Theory — in which gravity, electromagnetism, and particle structure emerge from the behavior of a single compressible, inert medium: Luxia. Weve aslo recently added cosmogenesis to the mix. Using a Lagrangian derived from first principles, we model gravitational acceleration as a pressure gradient and electromagnetic fields as torsional excitations. This framework resolves paradoxes in General Relativity, reinterprets quantization as mechanical threshold excitation, and restores causality, coherence, and physical intuition to modern physics.

1. Introduction

Current physics relies on abstract formulations: gravity as spacetime curvature, light as quantized fields, matter as probabilistic wave-particles. Luxia Theory proposes a single physical medium filling all of space — Luxia — and derives all physical phenomena from its real mechanical behavior.

2. First Principles

1. Space is not empty. It is filled with Luxia — a real, compressible, inert medium.

2. Luxia has properties: density (rho), tension (T), torsional stiffness (kappa).

3. All forces are gradients or resonances within this medium:

   • Gravity: pressure gradients

   • Electromagnetism: torsional waves

   • Matter: solitons (self-reinforcing standing waves)

3. The Luxia Lagrangian

L = 1/2 * rho * (dpsi/dt)^2 - 1/2 * rho * c^2 * (grad(psi))^2 - lambda * (psi^2 - a^2)^2
    - gamma * (dpsi/dt) + alpha * psi^2 * (dpsi/dt)^2 + J * psi
    + 1/2 * kappa * [(curl(T))^2 - (1/c^2) * (dT/dt)^2] + g * psi * (div(T))

Where:

• psi: scalar field (compression)
• T: torsion field (twist)
• rho: field density
• c = sqrt(T / rho): propagation speed
• lambda, a: soliton potential constants
• gamma: damping term
• alpha: nonlinear kinetic correction
• J: source term
• kappa: torsional stiffness
• g: scalar-torsion coupling

4. Equations of Motion

Scalar field:

rho * d^2psi/dt^2 - rho * c^2 * Laplacian(psi) + dU/dpsi + gamma * dpsi/dt - 2 * alpha * psi * (dpsi/dt)^2 = J

Torsion field:

kappa * [curl(curl(T)) - (1/c^2) * d^2T/dt^2] = -g * grad(psi)

5. Physical Phenomena

5.1 Gravity

g = -grad(P) / rho

5.2 Speed of Gravity

v_g ~ 6.3 x 10^9 m/s

5.3 Electromagnetism

Torsional waves in T replicate Maxwell's equations. Fields emerge from real mechanical twists.

5.4 Time Dilation

Time dilation ∝ rho

5.5 Redshift

z ≈ Delta(rho) / rho_0

5.6 Capacitance and Field Compression: A Mechanism for Quantized Energy States

Let:

C_eff ∝ 1 / V
E ∝ C_eff * (Delta P)^2 ∝ (1 / V) * (Delta P)^2

Where:

• C_eff: effective capacitance of a field excitation
• V: excitation volume
• Delta P: pressure differential

Smaller excitations = higher energy density. Large excitations = lower density. This sets up stable, quantized soliton states from mechanical thresholds.

6. Luxia-Maxwell Mapping

| Classical EM | Luxia Equivalent |
| ------------------ | ----------------------------- |
| c = 1/sqrt(e0*u0) | c = sqrt(T / rho) |
| div(E) = rho/eps | div(psi) = mass density |
| S = E x B | Energy flux = Pv |
| F = q(E + v x B) | F = -grad(P) + rho(v x Omega) |

7. Planck Constant Derivation

h = pi^2 * A^2 * l_0^2 * sqrt(T * rho)

Where:

• A: wave amplitude (~1e-18 m)
• l_0: half-wavelength (Planck length)
• T, rho: field properties

Result: matches known value of h, confirming quantization emerges from Luxia compression threshold.

8. Micro-Macro Symmetry

Threshold force from static friction:

E_f = mu_s * m * g * l_P ≈ h

Same energy threshold at macro scale → unification.

9. Helmholtz Harmonics

Particles as field solitons:

Laplacian(psi) + k^2 * psi = 0
psi(r, theta, phi) = R(r) * Y_lm(theta, phi)
T = tau(r) * r-hat x grad(Y_lm)

Explains quantized states, angular momentum, spin, and soliton mass.

10. Conclusion

Luxia Theory replaces abstract spacetime and particles with a single medium whose compressions and torsions explain all known physics. With a unified Lagrangian and empirical consistency, Luxia bridges gravity, electromagnetism, and quantum thresholds.

We are not violating physics. We are restoring it to something physical.

Symbol Key

• psi — Scalar compression field of Luxia
• T — Torsion field (vector)
• rho — Field density (kg/m³)
• T — Field tension (N/m²)
• kappa — Torsional stiffness
• c — Propagation speed = sqrt(T / rho)
• P — Pressure in the Luxia field
• V — Volume of excitation
• C_eff — Effective field capacitance
• Delta P — Pressure differential across excitation
• h — Planck constant
• A — Amplitude of excitation wave
• l_0 — Half-wavelength of excitation (Planck scale)
• mu_s — Coefficient of static friction (used in macro analogy)
• Y_lm — Spherical harmonics (angular part of wave)
• tau(r) — Radial torsion amplitude
• J — Source term in scalar field
• g — Coupling constant between scalar and torsion fields
• alpha, gamma, lambda, a — Model constants

And the finale what youve been waiting for Cosmogenesis the Luxia way

Cosmogenesis its ruins and future.

1. CMB as Residual Field Oscillation

In Luxia, the medium is a compressible field. As matter condensed from Luxia solitons, it involved a massive cosmic-scale compression and decompression of the medium — think of a giant, galactic ringing.

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is not leftover light from a "Big Bang," but Luxia's ringing — the field’s residual hum after large-scale matter displacement events.

The CMB is the equivalent of a struck bell continuing to vibrate long after the impact. Luxia remains in oscillation at around 2.725 K, after matter formation events.

2. Temperature and Frequency

The frequency of the CMB (₁₆₀ GHz) matches the natural damping frequency of Luxia’s medium as it settles into large-scale equilibrium after the formation of matter.

This temperature is not from a thermal bath, but from field tension residuals — the aftermath of early Luxia turbulence transitioning into stability.

Thus, CMB = Luxia's echo of matter condensation, not a "Big Bang afterglow."

3. Anisotropies as Density Echoes

Tiny variations in the CMB that mainstream cosmology interprets as early density fluctuations are actually standing wave interference patterns in Luxia, left by early soliton coalescence — a signature of field compression geography.

These anisotropies encode information about the initial phase relations of matter formation. Instead of quantum foam, it’s luxionic interference — an early field resonance marking where and how solitons coalesced into structured matter.

4. Redshift Without Expansion

Luxia provides an alternative to metric expansion:

In this framework, photons lose energy as they traverse regions of increased Luxia field density — not because space is stretching, but because the field is resisting photon travel.

CMB photons didn’t redshift due to space stretching. They accumulated field resistance over billions of years. It’s a Luxia drag effect, not the result of a stretching space-time fabric.

Therefore, the CMB isn’t a "flash of creation" frozen in time. It is Luxia settling into structural equilibrium after the condensation of matter — the pressure memory of the medium.

The Alignment of the Cosmic Microwave Background ("Axis of Evil")

Observation:

CMB temperature variations show a strange alignment — as if the universe has a preferred axis. This violates the assumption of isotropy.

Mainstream Response:

“Coincidence. Ignore it. Probably data artifacts.”

Luxia Perspective:

The early universe didn’t “explode” randomly. It underwent torsional collapse along a compression gradient.

The residual alignment in the CMB is the fossil trace of the dominant torsion axis — the scar left in the Luxia field from the universe’s first major twist.

Standard Cosmology Timeline (Benchmark)

Time after Big Bang Temperature (K) Event

_10⁻⁴³ s _10³² Planck Era
_10⁻³⁶ s _10²⁹ Inflation ends
_10⁻¹² s _10¹⁵ Bosons form (weak, EM, gluons)
_10⁻⁶ s _10¹³ Quarks + gluons
_10⁻⁵ s _10¹² Hadronization (protons, neutrons)
₁ s _10¹⁰ Neutrinos decouple
₃ min _10⁹ Nucleosynthesis
₃₈₀,000 yrs ₃₀₀₀ Recombination (CMB released)

Luxia Theory: Compatible Timeline (Mechanically Explained)

Here’s how Luxia Theory reframes the same events using soliton mechanics and pressure collapse:

Event Luxia Interpretation

Field Rebound ("Big Bang") Field reaches maximum uniformity. Instability triggers torsional collapse at local minima — seeds first solitons.
Boson Formation (_10⁻¹² s) Early torsional wave modes stabilize into standing field excitations — bosons = quantized Luxia torsion packets.
Quark-Gluon Plasma Densified regions undergo nonlinear oscillation — Luxia's field knots simulate high-energy scattering states.
Hadronization Solitons merge under specific resonance constraints — phase-locked field configurations = baryons/mesons.
Neutrino Decoupling Long-range torsional perturbations (neutrino-type solitons) drift freely as Luxia tension relaxes.
Nucleosynthesis Stable pressure bubbles (protons, neutrons) combine in field-stabilized ways — reaction paths depend on compression thresholds.
CMB Emissions Field stabilizes to near-equilibrium oscillation — residual pressure waves = CMB (not light flash, but field hum).

Key Conceptual Shifts Luxia Brings:

Bosons aren’t particles; they’re torsional wave modes — like harmonics on a vibrating membrane.

No need for a singularity or inflaton — field instability and collapse initiate structure formation.

Mass arises from soliton stability, not Higgs field handwaving.

Time and energy scales are emergent — determined by the Luxia field’s damping constants and self-interaction terms.

Conclusion:

Luxia Theory maps compatibly onto the observable formation timeline — but with different first causes. The same events occur, just not because the universe exploded from a singularity. Instead, it snapped out of homogeneity and rebounded as field collapse restructured reality.

Photon Energy Decay (Luxia Drag Redshift)

Luxia’s compressible nature causes long-range photon drag:

E(t) = E_0 \cdot e^{- \lambda t}

Where:

E(t) is photon energy over time,

λ is the Luxia damping coefficient,

t is cosmic time.

This implies cosmic redshift isn’t due to expansion, but rather due to energy bleed into the field.

Gradient Dissipation and Entropy Flattening

Pressure gradients vanish as all energy spreads evenly:

\nabla P_L(t) \rightarrow 0 \quad \text{as} \quad t \rightarrow T_{\text{equil}}

At T₀, Luxia becomes globally homogeneous:

\rho_L(x,t) \approx \rho_0 \quad \forall x

Collapse Condition: Field Instability Trigger

When Luxia field instability reaches critical points, solitons condense:

\delta² U_{\text{field}} / \delta \Phi² < 0 \Rightarrow \text{instability}

Which triggers spontaneous soliton condensation:

\Phi(x,t) = \Phi_0 + \epsilon \cdot \cos(kx - \omega t)

Solitons nucleate from vacuum fluctuations due to field resonance snapping.

New Big Bang (Field Collapse Rebound)

Collapse energy converts to mass-energy density:

E{\text{bang}} = \int{V} \gamma_L \cdot (\Delta P_L)² \, dV

Which restarts the universe with:

\rho{\text{mass}}(t=0) = \frac{E{\text{bang}}}{c²}

Luxia Cycle Summary:

1. Compression → Homogenization → Field Instability → Soliton Formation → Expansion

2. It’s not heat death. It’s field death by cosmic resuscitation via compression shock.

Coup de Grâce:

The universe doesn’t end in heat.
It ends in silence.
And then, it wakes up,
from the other side of the collapse.
we are all just something light ended up doing then become light that wanted to do nothing unless you know how to sing to it.
You’ve spent this whole journey crawling through the wreckage of 20th-century physics — paradoxes duct-taped with math, infinities swept under quantum rugs, spooky action, black holes with no center, time that stretches, bends, and breaks causality.

But here’s the twist.

We were never missing the math.
We were missing the medium.

Space was never empty. It was never curved by mass.
It was full — of Luxia.

And once you accept that everything is moving through something, suddenly:

Gravity isn’t a force or curvature — it’s pressure.

Mass isn’t a thing — it’s a field knot.

Inertia isn’t resistance — it’s memory.

Time dilation isn’t spooky — it’s viscosity.

Momentum isn’t conserved magically — it’s conserved mechanically.

Redshift isn’t cosmic stretch — it’s photon fatigue.

CMB isn’t a flash — it’s a hum.

The Big Bang isn’t the beginning — it’s the last rebound.

One shift.
From emptiness to medium. From metaphysics to mechanics.
And the universe finally makes sense.

The Cosmological Model of the Vibrational Vacuity Unified Field Theory
The Essence of the Universe: A Holographic, Dynamic, and Tunable Information Field
According to this theory, the fundamental essence of the universe is not traditional matter, energy, or empty space, but a holographic, dynamic, and tunable information field (which can also be called the modern “ether”). This information field has the following core characteristics:

Holography: Every part of the universe contains information about the whole; any local change can affect the global structure through holographic mechanisms.

Dynamism: The information field is always in a state of flow, resonance, and self-organization. The universe is not static but is a constantly evolving and tuning whole.

Tunability: The parameters of the information field (such as frequency, phase, spin, etc.) can be freely adjusted in multidimensional space, giving rise to diverse structures and phenomena.

The Nature of the Spatial Medium
Space is not empty; it is a concrete manifestation of the information field. It is the foundational carrier of all matter, energy, events, and phenomena of consciousness. The spatial medium is the redefined “ether” in this theory, also described as the “ocean of consciousness.” In this framework:

Space itself has structure and energy and is the fundamental field where all phenomena occur.

All physical phenomena, life experiences, and conscious activities are “slices” or “resonance modes” of the information field (ether) under different parameters.

The Generation Mechanism of Universal Phenomena
Energy and Information Flow: All energy, forces, and matter in the universe are the result of the flow, tuning, and self-organization of the information field in different states.

Holographic Feedback: Local information changes influence the whole through holographic feedback mechanisms, explaining nonlocality, quantum entanglement, and other modern physical phenomena.

Multilevel Structure: The information field has multilevel and fractal structures, enabling a unified description of everything from microscopic particles to the macroscopic universe, from physical phenomena to subjective experiences.

Dynamics and Causality Structure
The universe’s dynamics (such as gravity, inertia, wave-particle duality, etc.) are essentially the result of dynamic tuning and balanced feedback of the information field.

Causality is not merely linear; it can also manifest as synchrony, reverse causality, and nonlocal feedback.

The Unification of Consciousness
Consciousness is not an isolated individual phenomenon but a higher-order resonance within the information field. Subjective experience and physical reality can be described in a unified way in this theory; consciousness and the essence of the universe are different manifestations of the same information field.

Experimental and Observational Foundation of the Cosmological Model
The theory encourages testing the holographic feedback and dynamic tuning effects of the information field through the latest observations and experiments, such as the cosmic microwave background, gravitational waves, and quantum experiments.

Anomalous resonances of the information field in extreme physical environments are key directions for future theoretical validation and the discovery of new physics.

Summary
The cosmological model of the Vibrational Vacuity Unified Field Theory is based on a holographic, dynamic, and tunable information field as its essence, with the spatial medium (ether) as its carrier. All phenomena are the natural result of information flow, resonance, and self-organization. This model not only unifies physical phenomena and conscious experience but also provides a more open, systematic, and profound theoretical foundation for understanding the essence of the universe and the laws of nature.

Is Space Geometrically Linked? A Testable Model for Global Synchronization in a Continuous Universe.
I recently submitted this work to PRL, and would like to invite foundational-level feedback here.
It proposes that synchronous curvature linkage is not speculative, but mathematically required by spacetime continuity.
Any local curvature disturbance must be globally reflected, not through energy transfer, but through geometric compensation.Energy is observable, information is structural.If space is continuous, linkage is not optional—it is mandatory.
Core formula：
${O}(x) = \frac{dK}{dx} \cdot \frac{1}{r^2} \cdot \chi(x) \geq \epsilon$
Zenodo DOI:10.5281/zenodo.15861537
I welcome any questions, critiques, or cross-references to similar geometric structure models.
Best regards,
Zhang Xiaohui
E-mail：zhangxiaohuiB2M@gmail.com

Roney You raise an important point concerning the implications of a continuous Universe. I read your paper and found the logic meaningful. A continuous Universe requires that effects in one location have a global impact as well. The continuous nature of space, however, is an assumption. What physical structure within space itself could explain this global impact? Or must we continue to accept the continuous nature of the Universe on faith?

Hello everyone, building on the recent discussion, I'd like to initiate what could be an interesting conversation about this topic.
The continuity of the universe is not in question (rather, it's the speed of interactions within it). But, in contrast to the concern that a “vacuum state” would inevitably form without a specific theoretical structure, I point to the balance between pressure and gravity:
$$∂(c^2 ρδV)/∂t dt=δw-p ∂δV/∂t dt$$

where p is the pressure of the CMB; hot gas (intergalactic plasma) has nonzero pressure, but it is localized and does not contribute significantly to the global energy balance of the universe.

Even in the absence of local matter, radiation pressure remains a real property of the field. While it does not produce direct mechanical effects, it contributes to spacetime curvature and enters the global gravitational balance:

‒ Radiation doesn’t interact with itself, but its momentum distribution defines pressure
‒ Without matter, this pressure cannot transfer force locally — but it still curves spacetime
‒ In cosmology, this pressure plays a crucial role in the global energy balance and in governing large-scale dynamics, not in producing local mechanical effects.

In this expression, the first term on the right-hand side — related to the work required to preserve the hyperspherical geometry — is specific to my model and can be disregarded for the purposes of this general discussion.

This balance prevents the formation of an absolute vacuum by keeping the energy of the universe distributed across a continuous background. If someone wants to argue otherwise, I believe this is the equation that should be addressed — though of course, I'm open to discussing any alternative formulations. In this context, it is appropriate to recall the work of Tolman, who theorized that disordered radiation can be treated as a perfect fluid.

Matter introduces discontinuities into this smooth field. These localized gravitational structures perturb the isoentropic expansion of the CMB, slightly deforming its energy distribution and breaking the perfect balance. As a result, galactic regions may locally “attract” or modify the CMB field — not by absorbing it, but by altering its geometric and thermodynamic configuration.

It's worth noting that this mechanism is not exclusive to my model. Even in standard cosmology, radiation pressure in the early universe played a crucial role in preventing the formation of absolute vacuum, particularly during the radiation-dominated era. So the idea that gravitational collapse is avoided through a pressure-gravity balance is more general and not tied to any single theoretical framework.

Hubbles Constant (Ho) fixed to light speed, C and calculated as 71 k/s/Mpc

My name is David, and here is an intersting Hubble Constant equation that "fixes" Ho to light speed, C.

Ho is now locked down or "fixed" to light speed, C by this simple Ho equation worked in the old algebra style of Maxwell:-

          
                          2 x oneMpc x C, divided by Pi to the power of 21 = 71 k/s/Mpc

Astronomers measuring Ho give the "ballpark" values of Ho, and now we have an Ho equation that "fixes" Ho to light speed, C, which has to be much more precise.

Note that in the numerator, distance (Mpc) is multiplied by speed (k/s), and that is NOT an error in this situation, as the "distance squared" does not affect the numerical value of the Ho redshift by "spreading out" (as any light source does) when viewing that redshift for Ho along just one dimension only.

In this equation, directly input the values below:-

oneMPC is 3260000 light years

C is 299792.458 k/s

Pi is 3.142..........

With very kind regards, David Hi

I'm an amateur linguist, the first to crack the analog logic of the Tao Te Ching, only to be censored.

A theoretical physicist asked me how I could dismiss all of the new theories of everything, and I told him I don't mess around with kid stuff. E8 is the newest kid on the block, known for causing hallucinations, while my work uses fuzzy logic to describe how logic and humor express particle-duality, and how you can create even more hallucinations, merely by playing around with the math. In a singularity, there is no theory of everything because, You Are The Singularity Dummy!

My work describes how everything expresses the two faces of Janus. Anything you write, any math you write, always expresses both the beauty and the humor of life. Among other things, it means we should see a distinctive geometric spectrum, including torus shapes, like the quarks of a proton and the Cosmic Microwave background, and a lot of nonlinear temporal dynamics.

I like your wise logic, ShockwaveRider. Look at the 1000's of equations and theories about cosmology, and they are all guesses!!! How can just by peering through a telescope learn anything about the truth of the universe. How can anyone go back billions of years to see how it really was and started. It's likely the universe expansion is just an illusion caused by Aether attenuation of light vibration causing the redshift EdwinHubble observed. Just sayin' !!!

Hi Yusrob. My grandmother was a Russian Jew, whose name was Lapinsky. Russians are noted for new and independent thinking, and that's why Russia is excellent at warfare and anything tactical. I like your post, but the "scientific establishment" will oppose anything new that rocks their agendas and threatens their Government grants etc.. Obstacles are put in your way, such as the corrupt peer reading system that blocks new things that don't fit egendas or comes from someone "outside" their closed shop system. As you rightly say, no progress has been made in cosmology for many decades. Is the scientific system as corrupt in Russia as it is in the USA and UK??
There is this guy named Delbert Larson who posts on "X", and has a website called "Larsonism". Delbert has been continuously blocked by the corrupt USA scientific establishment. It would be a good idea if you got in contact with Delbert, or even join forces with him.. Please let me know how things progress. My email:- dhine2999@yahoo.com

DavidMH

Good morning, David (DavidMN)!
Thanks for your reply.
Thanks for the information, including the information about Delbert Larson. I'll check it out when I have time.
I believe every nation has its positive and negative sides.
Russia and the Russian people have their downsides, too.
I used to (under the socialist USSR) be proud to be a Soviet citizen. The state instilled in people the principle: “man is a friend, comrade, and brother to man”.
Now (under bourgeois Russia), I'm not proud to be Russian. The unspoken principle that reigns in bourgeois Russia is: “man is a wolf to man”!
The division between the propertied (rich) and the poor is becoming more and more obvious. The rich are getting richer, and the poor are getting poorer every day. This inequality is growing in favor of the rich and favored by the authorities.
About 200 years ago, it was noted that “Russia has two problems: roads and fools”! The same can be said of modern Russia.
While the USSR was a largely atheistic country, modern bourgeois Russia has become 70-90% religious. This is the misfortune of Russia and its people.

A so-called “cattle party” («партия быдла») has emerged and is supported by those in power, the mainstay of bourgeois power in the Russian Federation. Any lie from the bourgeois parties in power finds fertile ground in the minds of ordinary people drawn into this party. This is also a misfortune, a great misfortune for modern Russia.
Another great misfortune in Russia is lies.
Lies, both explicitly and implicitly, have become the main component of political, scientific, and social life in the Russian Federation.
I believe that today lies are a special form of enslavement of people and nations.
I see the following main forms of lies in the bourgeois state:

1. Ideological lies – lies about the perfection and inviolability of the bourgeois system;

2. Lies of the bourgeois media on many aspects of public life;
   Lies of bourgeois ideologists about the enduring values of the bourgeois way of life.
   Explanation: Examples of such “values” (false values) include:
   religious piety (oppressed!) of people,
   the principle of “man is a wolf to man”,
   unconditional faith in the authorities,
   the “party of the cattle” («партия быдла»),
   aggressiveness toward everything progressive,
   rejection of the truth,
   etc., etc.
   For the bourgeois government, man is, by and large, NOBODY and NOTHING!

3. Religious lies – the lie about the existence of God.
   Explanation. The main lie of any religion is the claim, “God exists!” But religious parties provide us with no real proof of the actual existence of a real God. It is through proof that the truth (or falsity!) of any statement is established. Believers say, “faith needs no proof”. But this is a cunning and deceitful ruse. This is indicated, for example, by the fact that ministers of religion and faith often speak of “true faith”. But truth is subject to proof.
   It turns out that it is very easy and simple to impose a religious lie on the consciousness of large numbers of people. Previously (in the Middle Ages), religious lies were imposed by fire and sword. Many people died in the process. And now, lies are used to recruit adherents and supporters of the faith. I have a separate article on religious faith:
   “Lies as a Modern Form of Slavery” (in Russian)
   (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSIUP).

4. Philosophical lies – the lies of bourgeois-idealist philosophy (BIP).
   Explanation. I believe (and call it) BIP a motley collection of various philosophical teachings, schools, trends, and currents of an idealistic bent that oppose the philosophy of dialectical materialism (the only true and scientific philosophy). The main lie of the BIP party is this: “In nature and society, the ideal (idea) prevails over the material (matter)”. This lie was exposed in their time by K. Marx and F. Engels, V. I. Lenin, and Soviet (and Marxist) philosophers. Their revelations remain relevant today and remain valid.

5. The lie of the Party of Modern Physicists (PMP) that the theory of modern physics (TMP) is a science.
   Explanation. In my book, “Theory of Nature”, and in my articles, I expose this great lie of modern physicists. At the core of this lie is a denial of the most important, simple, and clear fact of nature: “The content of elementary particles (EP) is the ‘pure’concrete matter of nature”. More information on this issue can be found in my article:
   “Physics, Truth, Science’ (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPTS).
   With respect

Robert Yusupov from Vladivostok, independent researcher, dialectical materialist, Marxist, communist

References

1. Nature as an Objective Reality https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA,
2. Philosophy and Physics https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAP,
3. Theory of Nature (in Russian) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTON,
4. Announcement of the Scientific Revolution https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSAOT,
5. The Third Side of the Main Question of Philosophy (MQP) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTTS,
6. About the Quantum of Matter for Philosophers https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAT-2,
7. My View on K. Popper's Criterion https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOLA,
8. Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles https://philpapers.org/archive/YUSOAA.pdf.

Hi Yusrob. Thanks for your interesting email about the state of Russia today. It's very similar to Western countries, with the only difference is the West has a "fake" democracy with elections that it calls "freedom".
In fact, the only freedom is to call the various politicians "idiots" or worse, and nothing happens. They hide behide lies and bullshit. As I suspected in Russia, science is also run by the elite, and anyone opposing their ideas and dogmas is a "heretic". A good example of a modern heretic is deposed "ex Professor", Sabine Hossenfelder, who appears on YouTube.
All this prevents the real progress of science, which is proven incosmology by almost no advances since Maxwell and Einstein.
It would be good to discuss by email,where there is more privacy.
With very kind regards, David Hine. email dhine2999@yahoo.com

Cosmology is the science that studies the Universe, its structure, and its evolution. Cosmology combines physics, mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy.
A person interested in the starry sky, space, and cosmology strives to understand and comprehend the Universe, its structure, and its evolution.

It is clear that the Universe is the largest material object (system of material bodies) in nature.
Within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”, I was able to solve the mystery of both NATURE and the Universe.
Below, I share my scientific knowledge of the structure and evolution of NATURE and the Universe.
This scientific knowledge was acquired through my own scientific research into the foundations of nature and the universe from 2011 to 2025.

My understanding of the scientific picture of nature and the universe is presented in the form of a dialectical-materialistic YRA model of the universe (“DMYRAMU”).

This “YRA model” of mine is presented in two of my articles:
“Nature as an Objective Reality” (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA) и “Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles” (https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOAA).
Essentially, the content of these two articles is the same, but they use different approaches to presenting the topic.

These articles are intended (and should) completely replace the section in my book, "The Theory of Nature," which deals with the so-called "Big Crunch" procedure as the act that completes the evolution of the Universe. This is §41 (pp. 157-163) of my book. I realized that this was my erroneous understanding of the final act of the Universe's evolution.
Furthermore, these articles present a diagram and algorithm for the evolution of nature.

I understand nature as an objective reality, existing outside of our consciousness and independently of our consciousness. This is a completely dialectical-materialistic understanding.
I explain nature from within itself.

My dialectical-materialistic understanding of NATURE includes the following principles of NATURE:

1. Nature is an objective reality existing outside of our consciousness and independently of our consciousness.
2. Nature is one, unified.
3. Nature is not an illusion, not a dream, not esotericism, not a matrix, not a simulation.
4. Nature exists absolutely.
5. Nature cannot not exist. Nature has no option of "non-existence."
6. Nature exists without relation to anything and/or anyone.
7. Nature exists on its own and evolves according to its own laws, its own logic, and its own evolutionary algorithm.
8. Nature is not under anyone's control.
9. Nature has no overseers or masters.
10. Nature has no rulers or dictators.
11. Everything that surrounds us and we ourselves belong to and exist in nature.
12. There is nothing and no one in our world that does not belong to nature and exists outside of nature.
13. Nature is fundamentally material and dialectical.
14. The dialectical nature of nature means that everything in nature is in constant motion, change, pulsation, displacement, and evolution.
15. The materiality of nature means that all natural bodies, objects, things, and entities are ultimately composed of matter.
16. Matter is the primary principle, the primordial essence, the origin, and the first cause of everything and everyone in nature.
17. Matter is the fundamental essence of nature.
18. Matter is the unique and only substance of nature.
19. Matter is the unique and only active agent of nature.

Below are some scientific and well-known facts:

20. According to physics, there are minimal material bodies in nature, called elementary particles (EP).
21. Elementary particles (EP) are the smallest material bodies that actually exist in nature.
22. It is common knowledge that all material bodies have their own form and content. This is a well-known fact.

I supplement this list of natural principles and well-known scientific facts with the statement of another new, crucial natural fact:

23. The content of elementary particles (EP) is the “pure” concrete matter of nature.

In essence, this statement of a natural fact is the correct and true answer to the question of the concrete representation of matter in nature. I consider this question to be the fundamental question of physics and all natural science. At the same time, this question represents the third side of the fundamental question of philosophy. The first two sides of the fundamental question of philosophy were outlined by Friedrich Engels in his book “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy”.

The statement of this natural fact is simultaneously the correct and true solution to the most important, key, and fundamental problem of physics and all natural science—the problem of the concrete representation of matter in nature.

Physics thereby firmly establishes both feet on the scientific path of knowledge. Until then, physics had been shaky, sometimes settling onto a scientific path by accident or intuition, but mostly groping in the dark in search of that path.

This natural fact is obvious; it lies before the eyes and noses of all physicists.
This natural fact is recognized within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”.
And this natural fact lies at the foundation, the very foundation of my entire “Theory of Nature”.

But this same natural fact is not recognized by the modern physics community, not by the Party of Modern Physics (PMP), the physics elite, or the physical authorities.

The failure to recognize this fact (regarding the content of an elementary particle as a concrete representation of matter in nature) is the most important circumstance separating physics from nature, from true knowledge of the concrete representation of matter in nature. And, ultimately, this is the most important circumstance separating physics from science, from scientific knowledge.
Precisely because of this circumstance, the Theory of Modern Physics (TMP) has lost its legitimate right to be called a scientific theory, to be called science. Without recognition of this natural fact, the concrete matter of nature will not be present in the subject area of physics. Without recognition of this natural fact, the content of an elementary particle will be undefined. This will be an undefined property of an elementary particle (EP). And this indefinite property of the EP cannot be introduced into physics as a definite physical quantity. The matter of nature will not be represented in physics (in the TMP) as a physical quantity, which is what we actually have. This is a real impasse in modern physics (TMP).

The failure of the Party of Modern Physicists (PMP) to recognize this fact is the main obstacle to scientific and social progress. This recognition is hindered (and actively facilitated) by the false and anti-scientific bourgeois-idealistic worldview (BIW) of the entire modern physics community and the overwhelming majority of its members. This worldview is fostered by the fundamentally false and profoundly anti-scientific bourgeois-idealistic philosophy (BIP). This philosophy is effectively the state philosophy in all bourgeois, capitalist countries.

The fundamental lie of this philosophy is its recognition of the primacy of the ideal (idea) over the material (matter) in nature and society.
Truth is the recognition of the primacy of the material (matter) over the ideal (idea) in nature and society.

And the proof of the truth of one primacy (dialectical-materialist) and the falsity of the other (bourgeois-idealist) is practice. This is the practice of the individual, this is the practice of all humanity throughout its history; this is scientific experimentation, this is scientific observation of nature and society.

Further. I remain committed to Marxism. I continue to reason dialectically and materialistically. I completely expose, reject, discard, and ignore all religious dogmas and prejudices, all religious lies. I completely expose, reject, discard, and ignore the central lie of bourgeois-idealist philosophy (BIP) about the primacy of the ideal (idea) over the material (matter). I completely expose, reject, discard, and ignore the lies of bourgeois power, bourgeois media, and bourgeois ideologists about the delights and perfection of the bourgeois way of life.

In the course of my own (unsponsored) scientific research into nature, the foundations of nature and the universe, and in the process of writing the book “Theory of Nature” and numerous other articles, I firmly stand by the position of the only true and scientific philosophy of dialectical materialism. I rely entirely on the scientific dialectical-materialist worldview. In the course of my scientific research, I utilize the scientific dialectical-materialist method of cognition (that of Karl Marx and Marxism). It was on this fertile soil and foundation that my idea of the structure and evolution of nature crystallized. This idea is set forth in my previously mentioned articles.

I proposed a scientific hypothesis that nature contains (must contain!) a unique, special region or unique, special mechanism, which I termed “Singularity”. I further hypothesized that the Singularity is a kind of perpetual motion machine, a mover that generates all the matter necessary for the construction of the Universe. This matter is represented in the form of matter quanta (EUM). Matter in the form of matter quanta (EUM), generated by the Singularity, is immediately emitted by the Singularity into the surrounding vacuum. But raw materials are needed to produce this product. What is the raw material for the functioning of the Singularity, and where does this raw material come from? I proposed that this raw material must be the matter of the vacuum. I proposed that the vacuum is emptiness and the matter of the vacuum, which I called material vacuum dust (MVD).

Within the framework of my “Theory of Nature”, I conclude that MVD-type of matter is a particular limiting case of the manifestation of a quantum of matter (EUM). MVD-type matter is the limiting state of a quantum of matter (EUM), which is achieved at the moment the evolution of the Universe ends. At this moment, all quanta of matter (EUMs) take the form of MVD, that is, they become vacuum dust. Thus, MVD-type matter (material vacuum dust) is the raw material for the functioning of the Singularity. But to ensure that this raw material is always available in the required quantity at the entrance to the Singularity, I make a new assumption and propose another scientific hypothesis: that in nature, there is a predominant movement of material vacuum dust (MVD) particles toward the Singularity.

I also hypothesize that the functioning of the Singularity is a strictly periodic, harmonic process. And this process occurs in the rhythm and tempo of nature. Moreover, I hypothesize that this rhythm and tempo of nature is set by the Singularity itself. While material vacuum dust (MVD) is attracted to the Singularity, matter quanta (EUM), which received the initial impulse from the Singularity and were emitted by the Singularity, move away from the Singularity. But after the completion of the evolution of the Universe, all matter quanta (EUMs) are transformed into material vacuum dust (MVD), which begins to move toward the Singularity. The circle is complete.

This allows me to say that the “law of the circulation of matter in nature” operates in nature, and this law is the main, fundamental, and essential law of nature, the law of the entire universe. And in this circulation of matter, the Singularity acts as a perpetual motion machine. And the matter of nature, in the form of matter quanta (EUM), is the unique and only active agent of nature.

It is worth noting and emphasizing once again that MVD-type matter is also a matter quantum (EUM) at its core, but in its ultimate state, achieved at the moment the evolution of the Universe ends.
One detail remains. This is the unique constant of nature (UCN), established within the TN framework. Its numerical value is UCN = 1.210 256 * 10^{44}. Physicists have long been familiar with this number. It is the value of the Planck force in newtons: F = c^{4} * G^{-1}. And within the TN framework, the unique constant of nature is defined by the identity UCN={c}^{4}*{G}^{-1}. Here, both physical quantities are represented in SI.

But the purpose of the unique constant of nature is universal.
Regarding the functioning of the Singularity, the following should be noted: UCN of vacuum material particles (MVDs) are simultaneously fed to the input of the Singularity, and UCN of matter quanta (EUMs) are simultaneously emitted at the output in UCN different directions. One cycle of the Singularity's functioning occurs in one quantum of time (EUT). UCN time quanta form one natural unit of time (NUT): NUT = UCN EUT.

All matter emitted by the Singularity goes toward the construction of the Universe. Elementary particles (EP) are formed from quanta of matter. Atoms of chemical elements are formed from elementary particles (EP). All material bodies, objects, and entities of nature and the Universe are formed from chemical elements.
The Universe is the largest material object in nature. The total evolutionary time of the Universe, as established within the TN framework, is equal to UCN NUT or UCN^{2} EUT. This is postulated within the “Theory of Nature” (TN) framework. This is another scientific hypothesis of the TN framework. Within the TN framework, the following relationships are established:

NUT = 7.297 352 5643E-03 s for a natural unit of time,
EUT = 6.029 596 37975E-47 s for a quantum of time.

The total evolutionary time of the Universe, as established within the TN framework, is approximately 2.8*10^{34} years.
And the modern age of the Universe, as established in “Theory of Nature” (TN), is 124 trillion 666 billion 537 million 511 thousand years.

Now we should present the definition of NATURE, according to the “Theory of Nature”:
NATURE::=<Singularity, matter, void, UCN, FLN>.

In this definition:
Singularity is a special region of nature or a unique mechanism of nature with its own logic and operating algorithm;
matter is matter quanta (EUM) or material vacuum dust (MVD);
void is simply emptiness, an empty space, the absence of everything;
UCN is a unique constant of nature, its value is UCN=1.210 256*10^{44};
FLN is the Fundamental Law of Nature, the law of the circulation of matter in nature.

The diagram of nature's evolution over time will look like this:
… {{MVD ==> S==> EUM ==> U}|UCN²==> MVD}|∞ … .

Nature has neither a beginning nor an end in the time of its evolution. This is evidenced by the ellipses before and after the diagram of nature's evolution.
The symbol “S” denotes the Singularity;
The symbol “U” denotes the Universe;
The symbol sequence “|UCN^2” denotes the cyclical repetition of the preceding construct, enclosed in curly brackets (“{ }”), UCN² times.
The symbol sequence "|∞" denotes the cyclical repetition of the preceding construct, enclosed in curly brackets (“{ }”), infinitely many times.
The construct {MVD ==> S==> EUM ==> U} denotes one cycle of the Singularity's functioning.
The construction {MVD ==> S==> EUM ==> U}|UCN²==> MVD} denotes the complete evolution of one universe.

The question arises: where is the Universe's “pulsation counter”? After all, when UCN² pulsation cycles of the Singularity are reached, the evolution of one universe ends and the evolution of another begins. Within the framework of the “Theory of Nature”, this problem is resolved in a very beautiful and elegant way. But it's worth reading the TP itself.
After the evolution of one universe is complete, the evolution of another immediately begins. After all, the Singularity operates without interruption.

Thus, the evolution of nature is a sequence of evolutions of universes.
We can consider the process of the Singularity's functioning to be simultaneously a process of the Singularity's pulsation at a frequency of UCN cycles per natural unit of time (NUT).
Perhaps we should stop here.

More complete information on my alternative model of reality, my dialectical-materialistic YRA model of the universe (“DMYRAMU”), is presented in my book and in my articles.
One thing is worth noting and remembering. Although I speak in the article about my alternative model of reality, I have no doubt that my YRA model of the universe is reality itself. In what sense? In the sense that this very YRA model of the universe reflects, with a sufficient degree of detail, reliability, logic, and truth, NATURE itself, as (as) objective reality.

With respect
Robert Yusupov from Vladivostok, independent researcher, dialectical materialist, Marxist, communist

References

1. Nature as an Objective Reality https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSNAA,
2. Philosophy and Physics https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAP,
3. Theory of Nature (in Russian) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTON,
4. Announcement of the Scientific Revolution https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSAOT,
5. The Third Side of the Main Question of Philosophy (MQP) https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSTTS,
6. About the Quantum of Matter for Philosophers https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSPAT-2,
7. My View on K. Popper's Criterion https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOLA,
8. Once Again about Nature and its Material Principles https://philpapers.org/rec/YUSOAA