https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S0219887822400060

This paper considers the relationship between geometry, symmetry and fundamental interactions — gravity and those mediated by gauge fields. We explore product spacetimes which (a) have the necessary symmetries for gauge interactions and four-dimensional gravity and (b) reduce to an N-dimensional isotropic universe in their flat space limit. The key technique is looking at orbits of the operator form of symmetric rank-two tensors under changes of coordinate system. Orbits containing diagonal matrices are seen to correspond to product manifolds. The GL(N,R) symmetry of the decompactified universe acts nonlinearly on such a product spacetime. We explore the resulting Kaluza–Klein theories, in which the internal symmetries act indirectly on space of the extra dimensions, and give two examples: a six-dimensional model in which the gauge symmetry is U(1) and a seven-dimensional model in which it is SU(2). We identify constraints that can be placed on any rank-two symmetric tensor to obtain such spacetimes: relationships between polynomial invariants. The multiplicities of its eigenvalues determine the dimensionalities of the factor spaces and hence the gauge symmetries. If the tensor in question is the Ricci tensor, other than two-dimensional factor spaces all the factor spaces are Einstein manifolds. This situation represents the classical vacuum of the Kaluza–Klein theory.