Alternative Models of Reality

Summary of the article ''Vacuum Energy Levels''

The application of the fourth steps to verify a theory is necessary to get a consistent theory. Those steps are as the following:

1st step: the respect of the principle of least action: this principle is general and for every physical system its action should be minimum.

2nd step: the respect of the principle of locality: this principle signifies that a physical phenomenon which happen in a region of space & time affect directly only its nearest environment.

3rd step: the respect of the principle of relativity: the equation of motion should be invariant in inertial referential.

4th step: the respect of gauge invariance: when there is a symmetry, there is something which is conserved. A symmetry is a change in the system parameters which doesn't affect the equation of motion.

By applying those steps for a Newton more generalised equation of motion which is the second derivative by time of the product of the inertia and the position of a system, we had concluded that:

1-The field of gravitation and the electromagnetic field can be unified in one field and treated as it is in microscopic scale or great scale;

2-Vacuum had a density non equal to zero and a current equal to zero;

3-The notion of Dark energy & Dark matter are attributed to the action of vacuum in different scales;

4-It is very easy to get the second law of Newton (gravitation law) and the law of Coulomb for electrostatics.

5-There is an electric charge which is an universal constant;

6-The vacuum had a mechanical impedance which is an universal constant;

7-The second pair of Maxwell equations remains inhomogeneous and it call infinitely for new theories to determine new universal constants, to do new experiences & to rise new technologies. Science will never have an end.

The same conclusions can be obtained by doing meshing of space-time as combining the gravitational constant, the speed of light and the Planck constant to get an absolute system of unities called Planck system. Since we had doing this meshing, extension in space-time signify that there is energy: vacuum in its conventional definition doesn't exist. Vacuum becomes like a fluid with a density not equal to zero and a current of this fluid equal to zero. This fluid is like a ''foam'' of space-time which act on the motion of corpuscles and waves. For corpuscles the action of vacuum is in the first order a friction force due to the viscosity of the fluid and its action on waves is absorption so there is dispersion of waves. For the duality of wave-corpuscle correspond another duality of the space-time which viscosity-dispersion duality. Planck constant translate a third duality which is unity-multiplicity duality. Unity signify that a corpuscle is considered like one subject moving with a certain speed and at the same time this subject is a multitude of plane waves which are reinforced in a limit region of space-time and destruct each either away. The group speed of the packet of waves is equal to the speed of the corpuscle with some conditions of that the incertitude of the position of the corpuscle multiplied by the incertitude of its momentum is superior or equal to a certain constant not equal to zero, and the incertitude of the energy of the corpuscle multiplied by the incertitude of time to measure it, is superior or equal to the same constant not equal to zero: this is which we call the principle of incertitude.

Introducing the notion of universal friction, we can associate to a corpuscle an inertial time and an inertial length. Considering the Hamilton equations of motion, we deduce that a corpuscle is like that it is under a friction force along its time component and had a speed equal to light speed along the same time component. We consider that the corpuscle is moving in fourth dimensions which are the three dimensions of space and the dimension of time. Working in a fourth dimensions with a pseudo algebra of space-time which is Minkowski algebra we conclude that the motion of a massive corpuscle can't be in a straight line: the action of vacuum curve the motion of the corpuscle. Only light can move in a straight line. This result can be deduced also from the Restraint Relativity by applying the principle of least action: the minimum of the action is not in the motion in a straight line but in a curved line, we can't deny the action of vacuum.

By determining the motion of a charged corpuscle in an electromagnetic field we had do similitude with the motion of non-charged corpuscle by doing equivalence between the position of the corpuscle and the vector-potential of an electromagnetic field introducing conversions factors. The result is that we can apply the principle of least action on a non-charged corpuscle moving in a viscous medium: the action of the corpuscle is determined by going back with equations of the determining action of a charged corpuscle. The equation of motion of a non-charged corpuscle by using forces and accelerations is valid only locally. Many conclusions had been obtained from this equivalence between the position of corpuscle and the vector-potential:

1-We deduce the second law of gravitation of Newton;

2-We deduce the law of Coulomb for electrostatic interaction

3-We explain what does it mean Dark energy and Dark matter: it is only a problem of scale invariance gauge.

4-We define new system of unities which is the transition between microscopic scale and great scale: there is many unities defined as Maxwell-thing (Maxwell charge, Maxwell mass, Maxwell force...etc.).

5-We show that those considerations can be obtained by putting the Newton equation of motion in a more generalised form where the inertia of the corpuscle is a function of time: this equation is equal the twice derivative by time of the inertia multiplied by the position of the corpuscle.

6-The same conclusions can be obtained referring to quantum mechanics (Klein-Gordon equation or the harmonic oscillator)

After a certain mathematical definitions of algebra tensors, we had determined the transformations of the electromagnetic field between inertial referential and also the same thing for the vector-potentials.

Considering the invariants of the electromagnetic field we had determine the second pair of Maxwell equations with sources as a triumph of the mathematics.

With some considerations in thermodynamics and cosmology we had fix an interval for the mechanical impedance of vacuum. We had also show that vacuum can had an infinite levels of energy and also we can found negative masses in nature.

Note that also for Planck constant we can determine an interval for it before doing any experiment.

As the conversion coefficients between potentials and positions can be a product of two coefficients the second pair of Maxwell equations remains inhomogeneous and this call for new theories to determine new universals constants which appeal for new experiments to do and new technologies to rise: science will never have an end and the humanity will enter for the first time to the City of Science.

Of course which had been done can be generalised for a Riemann space-time and the reader is invited to do this labour.

Here is a summary of my theory of spherisation and these quantum and cosmological 3D spheres in an universal sphere or future sphere in evolution optimisation.

This general theory considers this evolution like an important point. All seems in evolution. The big question is how at these quantum and cosmological scales, what are really the informations permitting this ? I have considered the Dark energy and the dark matter like essential also , and they permit to predict approximatelly this evolution also considering their disponibilities at this cosmological scale, that is why I have this equation E=m(c^2+Xl^2)+Y with X a parameter correlated with the cold and l their velocitiesand Y is a parameter correlated witht he Dark energy, the DE can be seen like the space vacuum, the main codes and the two others , the photons and the cold dark matter can be seen like fuels and when they merge, they create our quantum mechanics , the topologies, the geometries, the fields. This Dark matter can explain this quantum gravitation that I have reached and the antiparticles, see that the helicity , the angular momentums with S and L , the orbital and spinal rotations can be correlated considering the 3 main finite primoridal series of 3D spheres, I consider that these series have the same finite number than our cosmological finite serie of 3D spheres, it is like a choice of this universe these series finite and the 3D. I have calculated approximatelly, it is the dirac large number.

I consider these tools in maths for the formalisation of all this, the spherical geometrical algebras,

3 main finite primordial quantum series , having the same number finite than our cosmological finite serie of 3D spheres, I have calculated, it is the dirac large number.

---> space vaccuum main codes of the DE

--->photons , fuel 1 , implying in merging with the space the electromagnetic forces of the standard model and the heat.

---> cold dark matter ,fuel 2, implying the antiparticles the balanced cold and the antiparticles

General vectorial analysis, associativity,non associativity ,commutativity, non commutativity, vectorial spaces, under vectorial spaces. Scalars , real numbers multiplication vectors , primes, p adics.

Utilisation and propertiesand 3D quantum spheres,

Tensors, matrix, torsors, vectors, complex numbers, spinors, quaternions , differential forms, volumes, densities, angles , sense of rotation, superimposinmgs, sortings, synchronisation....densities linked and life time and evolution. Rotations, phasis, imaginary numbers.Oscillations vibrations of 3D spheres, more the hopf fibrations on surfaces permitting to rank the quasiparticles. External and internal products ....rankings.

Symplectomorphisms preserving the volumes for the deformations of spherical volumes.

The number finite does not change ,

see that all these series are sent form the central cosmological sphere , a kind of super matter energy able to create all codes, informations distributing the energy and matters in function of codes of this space vaccuum of this DE.

We can maybe consider 3 E8 superimposed so in resume replacing the points or strings by these finite series of spheres. See that the origin of this universe is different than for the strings, the fields are emergent and not the main origin of our physicality.

ps It seems logic to consider this Dark matter and the antiparticles correlated, if this DM is a reality and is in the cold balancing the cosmological scale, so this matter non baryonic is encoded also in our nuclei and explain the balance with the cold of these antiparticles. The Dark energy is probably the spacevacuum, the main codes, this DM and DE explain also the evolution seeing the disponibilities of these parameters at this cosmological scale.

My intuitive equation considering the cold dark matter encoded in nuclei and the space vacuum of this DE for the main codes have the same kind of logic than for our photons encoded in our standard model giving the electromagnetic properties and the 3 forces known. E=m(c^2+Xl^2)+Y , so we have also frequences and waves different in a larger spectrum that actually we cannot analyse. The relevance is that this cold dark matter encoded permit to explain this quantum gravitation and also the anti particles. The dark energy for the main codes , the two other series of Spheres being like fuels permitting the forces and properties of matters like if these particles encoded permitted to activate this super matter energy of this space vacuum coded.

The other relevance is that these finite series have I have calculated the dirac large number and so when they fuse they keep this number and the relevance is that the codes permit the geometries, topologies, fields, waves. The frequences beyond our understanding of this DM and DE are intriguing considering the large spectrum. The superfluidity of these 3 ethers where all is in contact become very interesting to analyse deeper.

The superfluidity is due to fact that the central sphere of series is the biggest volume, and after we apply a serie around in decreasing the volumes. It is there that the real space disappears because the fact that these volumes decrease and that the number increases imply this superfluidity. So you can see easily that it is opposite like reasoning than the strings or geometrodynamics about the origin of geonetries, topologies, matters, fields, it is the particles the real primordial essence and also we have two other spacetimes superimposed instead of just this spacetime of the general relativity.

It is very important this general idea and I need help of mathematicians to formalise all this and also make experiments, we have not only these photons and this GR , it d be odd to think that we have just photons, and the strings are an assumption, so there is like a conjecture between these spheres and these strings in focusing on a pure 3D, the extradimensions are not necessary. That is why I have invented this tool in maths, the spherical geometrical topological algebras, We can superimpose the 3 ethers and find the way to explain our deepest unknowns.

Food for thoughts

we resume the standard model , we have this generality .

We have the fermions and the bosons of gauge.

The quarks are fermions , u c t , up, charm, top and d s b , down, strange , bottom. The bosons correlated are the gluons and the photons , and the higgs boson.

We have after the leptons, e μ τ, electron, muon, Tau and νe νμ ντ, the electronic neutrino, the muonic neutrino and the tauic neutrino, with the bosons correlated the boson Z0 and boson W+-.

The Kaon is a K meson and we have 4 kaons,

K+ wich is us , up and strange quarks , with K- the antiparticle

K0 wich is ds, down and strange quarks , with K_0 the antiparticle

K0s wich is ds-sd/Rac2 ,self antiparticle

K0l wich is ds+sd/Rac2, self antiparticle

We have the groups, U(1) X SU(2) X SU(3)

with U(1) the unitary lie group

SU(2) for the electroweak interactions , semisimple le group, universal covering for the homomorphisms of SO(3) and the rotations, wich is a non relativistic spin

SU(3) for the quantum chromodynamics.

Now we have rankings in function of particle, the mass, the statistics, the interactions, the spin, the parity, the charge, the lifetime.

But if my reasoning is correct about these 3D spheres , so we must add other parameters, the volumes, the number of 3D spheres, the densities , and probably the sense of rotations and angles when we go into the details.

An other point is these 3 main finite series merging where the space vacuum possesses the main codes and the two other series are fuels permitting the properties and fields. The photons and the cold dark matter, the antiparticles and gravitational fields are correlated with this cold dark matter. The main important point is that the number finite does not change ,when they merge, that is why the densities become a key about the couplings and encodings of informations. The volumes also don t change , that is why in the electromagnetism the symplectomorphisms become interesting for the geometries, topologies and deformations. That is why I have invented this mathematical tool, the spherical toopological geometrical algebras.

I forgot these pions ,

they are interesting also like the kaons

The Pion is a pi meson, a quark and an anti quark, we have 3 pions

π+ wich is ud

π0 wich is uu or dd

π- wich is du

I search a road with the spherical topological geometrical algebras that I have invented and the 3D spheres to find the couplings of this dark matter cold encoded in our standard model, I have reached and quantified the quantum gravitation, but now my aim is to find this Dark matter and its couplings, the vectors, scalars are the key , but not easy for the symmetries due to fact that this matter is different and is a new physics .

This matter non baryonic permits to balance if the cold is considered and the antiparticles are the key in logic and this quantum gravitation also. The aim is to find an experiment able to prove this , and probably the best way is the LHC in searching in the quarks and specially the kaons and this antimatter and how the decays and interactions act really. This space vacuum possessing the main codes is essential but it is an other story still.

The cold could help in a kind of bose einstein condensate but I need help to create this experiment , the most difficult will be the measurements technologically speaking, the predictions are not really the problem with the geometrical algebras, but the observations and measurements yes

It seems that the error is to consider that the energy and the mass are the same , but not really, if we consider that the dark energy possesses the main codes and is an energy , if we consider that the photons are massless and quanta of E also, and that this Dark matter is a mass and that these 3 main systems merge together to create the ordinary matter , so the equation of einstein is not complete , the photons permit simply the bosonic electromagnetic fields in being encoded in this space vacuum and the heat. For this matter non baryonic,the cold dark matter permits the gravitational bosonic fields and the cold coded and the mass activated with the photons permitting the higgs mechanism, so the ordinary matter is a mass and an energy merging . But they are not the same at the origin.

The simplicity of the universe shows us the truths at my humble opinion. The aim is not to consider only this general relativity and only these photons oscillationg and creating the reality with the fields, cosmic and quant.

The cosmological constant problem and the quantum gravitation if we take this GR alone cannot be solved because simply it lacks things deeper to superimpose. Now when we unify not G c and h but the DE , the DM, the GR, the QG with these 3 ethers superimposed and these 3D finite series of 3D spheres, that permits to return at this old school of pure motions and logical proportions.

Furthermore the changes and the evolution can be predicted. The important point is this evolution also in my theory of spherisation, it is not lol that all will be spherical, no, it is the optimisation evolution of the universe, and the dark energy and dark matter disponible permit to explain this. We can even go very far about the consciousness and the continuity but it is an other story.

My equation considers the 3 main primoridal systems and it is relevant to extrapolate this general equation. See also that this central cosmological sphere becomes more than intriguing , this super matter energy able to create all kind of coded informations and systems with these series of spheres can imply deep philosophical questions.

The standard model seems to be losing credibility lately. For a long time it has successfully explained phenomena we observe around us. However, as we observe more accurately, the standard model is coming up short. This post is suggesting a reason for this and proposes a fix. This author purports the problem began 2000 years ago when Aristotle expressed ideas about the structure of the universe. This structure was unspoken but became the underlying structure of what eventually became modern physics. This author strongly believes the solution lies with an accurate understanding of Einstein's special relativity. And therein lays another problem. We only have a math description of the phenomena. It is somewhat like saying 25 grams describes an apple. END OF THE STANDARD MODEL . addresses these issues.

Steve

it would appear you did not view the linked to site. There is a suggestion the standard model is falling short as it has origins that are over 2000 years old. The suggestion is that, due to more accurate observations, perhaps there may be a more accurate basis of understanding. I believe Einstein's special relativity is the most solid theory in physics. I believe it is the most not understood theory. The point of the site is to suggest there is an explanation of it. To address the validity of the standard model is a disservice to other readers. The major issue is that this post presents the only logical model of special relativity in existence and may be worthy of investigating. I would have been much happier had your post indicated other models I am not aware of. I have searched for one for over 40 years. Part of that search includes getting a degree in physics. The question is: is the proposed model worth considering.

Hi AL,

I took a quick look. There is a serious issue with Special relativity, which is not differentiating what's observed from that which has material existence independently of observation. I have shown the categorization error in "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" by A. Einstein. I have also shown a similar error in the light clock thought experiment, which was given in support of Special relativity. It would be a shame to give up on existent realty and be left just with the products of our senses and measurements. Not the right direction to go in my opinion.

Thee right Time. Georgina Woodward ISBN-13 : 979-8746900777 publisher kindle. Paperback available in USA via Amazon.com

Hi Al,

you seems to search answers and it is the most important. I have read your blog, all this is general. I am going to explain my opinion. Like I said the standard model is not complete but we have well evolved. The problem that we have actually is philosophical also about the real origin of the universe and what are the foundamental mathematical and physical objects and why they create these fields, topologies, geometries, matters of our ordinary matter.

The special relativity for me is just a tool for this universe , the photons before to be encoded in a kind of coded space vacuum of the DE have these properties, so we have c , and we have also the general relativity correlated and the einstein fields equations. The photons are just in my model a fuel, they permit the electromagnetic forces , the heat and the fact to observe because they are quanta of light . The bosons for me emerge due to these phtons encoded in our standard model giving due to the number and their motions oscillations these bosonic fields.

There is nothing of really odd with the special relativity. The real big question is this philosophical and ontological origin of our reality, of our standard model and the topologies, geometries correlated. Many consider only this general relativity like primoridal essence and these photons from a big bang and due to the works of witten, they have considered strings oscillating inside them in 1D connected with a 1D main cosmic field of this general relativity, so with different geometrical algebras like Lie, hopf, clifford, they rank the fields and consider that all come from these fields.

The general relativity is a different intepretation than newton for the gravitation, for newton it is a force at slow velocities between mass, for eisntein it is for observations and is a curvature of the space time at high velocities. Both were right. The standard model is made of fermions and vectors bosons and I believe strongly that all is made of particles , the waves and fields are emergent in my reasoning. The fact that this space vacuum of the DE possesses the main codes and is made of finite series of 3D spheres for me merging with the two fuels , the photons and the cold dark matter solve many actual problems and we can rank and go farer in this standard model with the good mathematical partitions.

All seems made of particles in a kind of superfluidity where all is in contact when you consider speciifc series of spheres where a kind of space disappears , it is due to volumes . The stabdard model has been proved to be correct and we need to complete it , of course we have different interpretations of the quantum mechanics but there is like a pure universal determinism. The postulate of einstein are important but are just a part of the puzzle and we must superimpose for me this vacuum of the DE and the cold dark matter and consider particles to reach the unknowns. I wish you all the best in your model, but like all models we are obliged to prove our assumptions with rigourous mathematical proofs, best Regards

Georgina Woodward

Thank you for reviewing my post. Second, I agree with you totally that what is observed and what is, are two different things. At least that is what I think you meant. Your comment, "It would be a shame to give up on existent realty and be left just with the products of our senses and measurements." I think that is a travesty. I think that is going on now because some cannot get out of the box. I have observed that sometimes when people "teach" SR or provide samples of applying the theory, they include an SR property in their "lesson" instead of what some observer might simply see. That is, they use an omniscient point of view to make their case. And I agree, there are paradoxes that seem to render SR illogical. I believe this is due to not understanding what SR is. In my little pitch, I attempted to show the frailty of math. That has often been a question at FQXi. I believe having a correct understanding of SR will explain so called paradoxes but will explain what the standard model is. Note what I have said, the proposed model will lead to an explanation of what the standard model is. I am battling logic that was formed 2000 years ago. I do not expect to win but I am like the mouse giving the finger to the hawk sweeping down.

I plan to review the two issues you reference.

I am disappointed that the responses to my post are giving me more information from standard thought and a standard model perspective.

I was hopping for a comment on the model rather than an attempt to educate me about what you guys already believe.

I sincerely appreciate the time you have already invested.

I visited Fermi-Labs. I stood beside the collider. I stood beside the massie array of wires that measured energy coming from the collisions inside the collider. I stood beside the wall of electronics used to meeasue the enegy hitting that massive array of thin wires. The man that built them stood beside me. I am amazed that no one can see that the decay of all those particles into photons that hit those wires implies those particles consisted of those photons.

I have achieved what I wanted to achive in submitting these posts.

Thank you FQXi

Hello Zeeya,

A quick search informs me that "Zeeya Merali is a journalist and author who has written for Scientific American, Nature, New Scientist, and Discover, as well as published two textbooks in collaboration with National Geographic."

I have an insight which I hope you will think is worthy of a scientific news story.

I entered the FQXi essay competitions in 2010 and 2012, which I have recently reviewed with some feelings of remorse that I could have expressed myself more clearly, knowing what I know now.

The covid-19 epidemic and lockdown in the UK has given me time to reevaluate my ideas and I've been expressing them on Dr. Judith Curry's online site whilst having much time to do so (reminiscent of Newton himself during a past epidemic):

....

I've concluded that there's two types of matter within the Earth, which would invalidate Newton's simplistic equation.

In short, why not consider gravity as a strong force that emanates from a compact exotic core but which only interacts with known matter very weakly?

It's a simple solution, yet solves everything.

....

Kind regards

Alan Lowey

(A former UK missile scientist)

I offered this to the community roughly ten years ago, and thought that I would try the waters again.

The reigning models of theoretical physics are grounded upon the assumption that we have explored phenomena down to the point that what remains is an infinitely differentiable field. Einstein was awarded the Nobel prize for pointing out the limitations of that assumption as applied to water and light waves.

For the last thirty years, theoretical physics has struggled to fit the inconsistencies between theory and measurement by adding additional continuous fields. Even so, it is still unable to calculate particle masses (the Higgs boson does not solve the problem of mass - it only solves the problem of parity violation in the Dirac equation) or explain galaxy formation.

The discovery of dark energy, as Einstein understood (he called the cosmological constant his "biggest blunder") implies that there is a another level of discrete physical structure underneath the reigning Standard Model. The most fruitful way forward, as indicated in the first posts on this board, is with models of superfluidity.

Anyone interested in discussion of strategies should respond to this post.

Brian

What % chance would you give of Einstein's gravity theory being incorrect, with respect to there being a crisis in physics & cosmology for the last 40 years? Starting with the assumption that Einstein's ideas being idolised is where the problem lies imo.

Alan

we see quickly that we have an enormous problem in trying to unify the microscales and the macroscales , in fact the problem comes really from this general relativity at this cosmological scale. The EFE describes geometrical modifications of the photonic spacetime due to the energy matters . They are curvatures of the spacetime. Einstein has well worked about a different interpretation of the gravityation, but that does not mean that newton is false, it is just a spacetime made of photons and we observe it .The gravitational fields so in this spacetime made of photons from a source imply so motions. But the philosophical problem to unify this quantum mechanic with this GR is there. The majority tries to consider so that the quantum gravitation is in the same logic, that is why they utilises the tensors, vectors, geometrical algebras and strings and points to reach, quantify, renormlise this QG. The EFE are good for this macroscale and the observations but that does not mean that we must utilise this GR to explain our standard model and reach this QG. The newtonian mechanic is the best way for me and the fact to return at this old school about the motions of particles. If we consider furthermore the two other spacetimes superimposed and the 3D quantum spheres with 3 main primoridal series, that permits to quantify it. This GR cannot be unified with this QM in fact simply, that is why that does not converge. The fields are emergent due to simply photons encoded in this space vacuum of the DE. The Fields of this GR are different and are not the key for this QM.