Dear Paul,
I posted this on my essay, for the beautiful question you posted there.
What a wonderful analysis. Very nice question indeed! Probably my this answer will satisfy, but I still feel lot more to be discussed with you. Really wonderful...!
I kept the entire question, divided it into small appropriate parts and answered them. For further discussion please.
I don't think that you understand what I am trying to say to you, so I will try using a different approach. ...............
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OK
Your words..........
For the most part, fusion does not actually change matter particles into energy photons. ...............
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OK
Your words.......... In a new star that has not converted much hydrogen into higher elements; the star is mostly composed of hydrogen. A basic hydrogen atom contains one proton and one electron. In the star the temperature is high enough to convert the atoms into plasma. Plasma is atoms with the electrons stripped off of them. This means that the star contains free protons and free electrons. The first reaction is that two protons come together to form a nucleus. One of the protons decays into a neutron and a positron and neutrino which are both matter particles are given off as part of the process. This creates a deuterium atom, which is just a hydrogen atom that contains a neutron. Notice that we started off with two matter particles and still have two matter particles. We have just changed from two atoms to one atom. ...............
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This is what happens in SUN and Stars, OK Good, thank you
Your words..........The energy that it takes to bind two particles together into one atom is less than the energy required for the two separate atoms, so some energy is released, but some of it goes into the neutron because it has a greater mass than the input proton had, some goes into the neutrino, which would usually completely leave the star because they do not interact very much and are extremely low in mass, and some would go into the production of the positron, which would interact in a short time with one of the electrons in the plasma and they would both be converted into photon energy (a total of about 1Mev or million electron volts). The only part of the released energy that did not come from the freed up binding energy was the ½Mev that came from the conversion of the electron into photon energy. ...............
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OK Good, Understood
Your words..........The next step is that the deuterium atom joins with another proton to form a Helium atom with just 1 neutron. A gamma ray energy photon is also given off because the energy required to bind the single Helium atom together is less than the energy of the separate proton and the deuterium atom combined. This gamma ray contains about 4Mev and comes completely from the savings in binding energy. The next step is for 2 of the above helium atoms to join together to produce a helium atom with 2 neutrons. The 2 extra protons are ejected. The protons carry off most of the freed binding energy about 15 to 20Mev in the form of kinetic energy or their motion. ...............
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Ok Energy released, higher atoms formed...
Your words.......... Notice that in the whole process the only matter particles that were converted into energy photons were the 2 electrons for a total of about 1Mev. All of the rest of the energy that was freed was from the lower amount of binding energy that is needed by the larger single atom than was required by the several individual atoms. None of the hydrogen protons are converted into energy photons. The whole fusion reaction to generate a helium atom freed up roughly 60Mev. If just one proton was converted to an energy photon it would free up over 938Mev. ...............
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Ok.... No worry...
Your words.......... You can see that the idea that the hydrogen atoms have been converted into energy photons and the energy photons would then be converted back into hydrogen atoms is completely false. ...............
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All these happen at the surface of star, but in the core of star under high pressure and temperature, many things happen. Probably we have to study together and push-out a combined paper with all these energy equations.... Can you please help me....
Your words.......... Instead many hydrogen atoms have been combined together into fewer heavier atoms freeing up a small amount of energy in the process because the fewer heavier atoms require less total binding energy than the many more lighter hydrogen atoms required. For the most part, all of the matter is still there in the star it has just been compacted. It actually takes 4 hydrogen atoms (protons) to produce 1 helium atom. 2 of them are needed just as they are in the helium atom and the other 2 are converted into neutrons. The 4 protons contain a total of about 3753Mev. The fusion reaction only freed up about 60MEV. ...............
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This is what exactly happens in SUN and Stars, and then planets are formed after energy loss and cooling down.
our words.......... Are you saying that a 60Mev energy photon is somehow converted up in frequency until it is up to 3753Mev and then is converted into 4 protons somehow? ...............
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Initial electrons, protons, neutrons and neutrinos formations are sufficient, I don't think 4 proton Helium nucleus needs to formed. I did not work-out full details yet
Your words..........This would mean multiplying its energy by about 63 times. That certainly would not be energy conservation. If that were to somehow happen you could get all of the original hydrogen back, but you would still also have the original 4 protons locked up in the helium atom in the star. This would effectively mean that you would have doubled the amount of matter. ...............
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Good thinking, there can be other ways.
Your words.......... The problem is that it is not a cycle of changing matter particles to energy photons and then changing the energy photons back into matter particles. ...............
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Correct, that's what Dynamic Universe Model proposes
Your words..........You are not seeing that the hydrogen atoms are not really being converted into energy photons. They are just being compacted into heavier atoms and only the savings in the required amount of binding energy is being radiated in energy photons. All of the hydrogen's matter particles are still in the star except for a few electrons. I hope that helps. ...............
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Any way probably I got it NOW. I understood it probably.
I want to add some more to this wonderful analysis...
It is not only hydrogen atoms that are left out, but all the heavier molecules upto uranium, which are formed due to different nuclear reactions. There are many types of high energy particle bombardments that happen inside core of Stars. The inside core of our own cool earth is not cool. Many elements are manufactured.
We have seen Novae and Supernovae and explosions of planets. All these are some of converters. We will have to study high energy physics a little more. I did not say study of Dynamic Universe Model stopped. There is lot more work needs to be done. Lots ope people have to put their brains on it. But I have the hope
Best wishes
=snp.gupta