Dear David,

You give good thoughts to David Spergel and Rebecca Goldstein:

"Both dark matter and dark energy require extensions to our current understanding of particle physics or point toward a breakdown of general relativity on cosmological scales."

"The necessary incompleteness of even our formal systems of thought demonstrates that there is no nonshifting foundation on which any system rests."

To overcome the crisis of understanding in the philosophical basis of fundamental science, it is necessary to call for help the paradigm of the world (Universum) as a whole (holistic generating process). This step is pushed not only by the crisis in the foundations of science, but above all by the modern Information Revolution and the problem of understanding the nature of information, its place in the scientific picture of the world, and therefore the nature of the "laws of Nature". Quantum theory and General Relativity are parametric (phenomenological, operationalistic) theories without an ontological basification (justification). Also, and "string theory". It is necessary to "dig" with an extremely sharp "Occam's razor" to the most remote meaningful ontological depths -- absolute forms of the existence of matter (absolute states). The time has come to introduce the Ontological standard for justification (basification) theories that claim to be called "fundamental". Today the motto is relevant for physics: "Physics, do not be afraid of metaphysics and dialectics!"

Mathematics is the "language of Nature." But the centennial problem of justification (substantiation, basification)) mathematics, and therefore knowledge in general, remains unsolved. Radical dialectic and ontological ideas are needed to overcome the crisis of understanding in the philosophical (ontological) basis of fundamental science. Physicists, mathematicians, information workers, poets and musicians must have a single picture of the world. A good conclusion was made by the philosopher Pavel Florensky: "We repeat: worldunderstanding is spaceunderstanding."

David! Do you support the Big Bang hypothesis?

Please also see my dialectic and ontological ideas .

With kind regards, Vladimir

    What are the implications of Milgrom's MOND for the scientific and philosophical foundations of undecidability, uncomputability, and unpredictability? What is relativistic MOND?

    In 2019 Banik and Kroupa suggested 2 tests of (non-relativistic) MOND:

    Banik, Indranil, and Pavel Kroupa. "Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 487, no. 2 (2019): 1653-1661.

    "Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri", arXiv preprint

    Banik, Indranil, and Pavel Kroupa. "Testing gravity with interstellar precursor missions." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 487, no. 2 (2019): 2665-2672.

    "Testing gravity with interstellar precursor missions", arXiv preprint

      "Due to the unsolved problem of justification of Mathematics, paradigm problems in Computational mathematics have arisen. It's time to return 竊" Into Dialectics. The solution to the problem of the foundations of Mathematics, and therefore knowledge in general, is the solution to the problem of modeling (constructing) the ontological basis of knowledge - the ontological model of the primordial generating process."

      One basic question for constructing the ontological basis of knowledge might be: Does the Big Bang hypothesis contradict empirical evidence? My guess is that string theory with the infinite nature hypothesis implies the Big Bang and dark-matter-compensation-constant = 0, but string theory with the finite nature hypothesis implies the Riofrio-Sanejouand cosmological model and the value of the dark-matter-compensation-constant = (3.9ﾂｱ.5) * 10^-5 . It might be true that the Gravity Probe B science team is correct and I am wrong about the 4 ultra-precise gyroscopes. In any case, it seems to me that the concept of infinity (either a complete infinity or a potential infinity) is philosophically unsatisfactory. Is the Axiom of Choice relevant to physics (or any empirical science except anthropology)?

      The Axiom of Choice" by John Lane Bell, 2015, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

      John Lane Bell, Wikipedia

      5 days later

      The theory, which claims to be "fundamental", must be ontologically grounded. Along with the Empirical standard for justification of scientific theories, it is necessary to introduce the Ontological standard for basification of theory. General relativity and string theory - theories without ontological basification.

      Is string theory "ontologically grounded"? At the present time, the majority of string theorists say that dark-matter-compensation-constant = 0, i.e., gravitational energy is empirically conserved in the Newtonian approximation of general relativity theory. I say dark-matter-compensation-constant = (3.9±.5) * 10^-5 -- if I am wrong about this then I am forced to admit that my speculations concerning general relativity theory and string theory are wrong. What then?

      The question is, in the words of Witten, "... what happens to Albert Einstein's conception of spaceetime?"

      "What every physicist should know about theory" by Edward Witten, 2015, Physics Today

      What are the most fundamental questions about undecidability, uncomputability, and unpredictability? What is predictability? Why does predictability exist? What is truth? Why does truth exist? Objective truth might be fundamentally different from subjective truth within a logically consistent framework of beliefs. Mathematical predictability is one thing -- empirical predictability is another thing and perhaps more fundamental. I say that Milgrom's MOND has many empirical successes and MOND's empirical successes require a new paradigm for the foundations of physics. Does the new paradigm for MOND accept infinity or reject infinity? Do all of the positive integers occur in nature? What is constructivity in mathematics?

      According to Paul Cohen, "Many people devoted their efforts to developing various parts of mathematics in a constructive manner. I think that for many the crucial issue is already present in the most basic part of mathematics, number theory. Since classical set theory is non-constructive almost by definition, in that it speaks of infinite sets, one hardly expects constructive ideas to be successful here."

      "Skolem and pessimism about proof in mathematics" by Paul Cohen, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering, 2005, volume 363, number 1835, quote on p. 2412 of pages 2407-2418

      6 days later

      Assume dark-matter-compensation-constant = 0 and string theory with the infinite nature hypothesis is empirically valid.

      Lestone's theory of virtual cross sections might explain the numerical value of the fine structure constant.

      Lestone, John Paul. Possible reason for the numerical value of the fine-structure constant. No. LA-UR-18-21550. Los Alamos National Lab.(LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States), 2018.

      Lestone, J. P. "QED: A different perspective." (2018). Los Alamos report LA-UR-18-29048

      If Lestone's theory of virtual cross sections is empirically valid, then does it require a new uncertainty principle?

      According to some of the string theorists, spacetime is doomed. If spacetime is doomed then is a new uncertainty principle required? What are the criticisms of the following?

      There exists a (finite) Lestone-maximum-mass > 0, such that for any massive elementary particle in the Standard Model of particle physics,

      (standard deviation of position) * (standard deviation of velocity) тЙе

      (reduced-Planck's-constant/2) / (Lestone-maximum-mass) .

      godel ,Einstein ,Heisenberg... name it.are all human, according to Einstein theories are descriptions Of The world and all are manufactured by humans. can the natural unpolluted human being psyche be a bias to which a basic interactive framework can describe reality. pls take your time to read/rate my essay here-https://fqxi.org/community/forum/topic/3525.thanks for the computing knowledge you've added to my database.

      7 days later

      Dear David Brown,

      Thank you for very interesting essay.

      There is a strong possibility that our physical universe is infinite. In cosmic inflation theory, the commonly accepted cosmology model, a multiverse is inevitable. In a multiverse, one cannot avoid infinity. See the great works of Andrei Linde, Alan Guth and Alex Vilenkin.

      In my essay, I conclude that reality is identical to V (Von Neumann universe). However, unlike the standard view, I view V as dynamic, not static. V is evolving, just like us human. V may have consciousness too. Whitehead's process philosophy may be relevant here.

      Best regards,

      Agus

      "There is a strong possibility that our universe is infinite." Because the amount of empirical data is, presumably, always finite, it seems to me that there will never be a completely satisfactory resolution of the question of infinity as a physical reality. However, I say that Milgrom is the Kepler of contemporary cosmology -- on the basis of overwhelming empirical evidence. Google "kroupa milgrom". It seems to me that Guth and the majority of astrophysicists have ignored and underestimated the empirical successes of Milgrom's MOND.

      For example, the following article

      Geller, Sarah R., Jolyon K. Bloomfield, and Alan H. Guth. "Mass of a Patch of an FRW Universe." arXiv preprint arXiv:1801.02249 (2018)

      makes no mention of MOND -- my guess is that the history of astrophysics and cosmology will eventually reveal that ignoring MOND is a bad mistake.

        Assessing the scientific status of inflation after Planck

        Debika Chowdhury, Jérôme Martin, Christophe Ringeval, and Vincent Vennin

        Phys. Rev. D 100, 083537 - Published 24 October 2019

        ABSTRACT Inflation is considered as the best theory of the early universe by a very large fraction of cosmologists. However, the validity of a scientific model is not decided by counting the number of its supporters, and, therefore, this dominance cannot be taken as a proof of its correctness. Throughout its history, many criticisms have been put forward against inflation. The final publication of the Planck cosmic microwave background data represents a benchmark time to study their relevance and to decide whether inflation really deserves its supremacy. In this paper, we categorize the criticisms against inflation, go through all of them in the light of what is now observationally known about the early universe, and try to infer and assess the scientific status of inflation. Although we find that important questions still remain open, we conclude that the inflationary paradigm is not in trouble but, on the contrary, has rather been strengthened by the Planck data.

        Dear David Brown,

        Thank you for a very interesting essay.

        As you may have noted from my posts to other essayists I prefer a finite rotating universe composed of aether (one type of particle) and matter (also one type of particle) with simple rules (force laws) between aggegations of matter. This simple model predicts a baryonic CDM that is neutral, and in equal proportion to normal matter. This means that there must be a lot more unseen normal matter than is counted in the numerous census's. (most likely H2!) My theory of gravity is different to all others but obey's Newtonian rules. I do not go with gravitons or any form of boson as a force carrier at all, as I can explain forces using fields instead. However I do not cover these ideas in my essay, which is on other matters pertaining to the essay topic of the 3 Un's.

        BTW I can calculate the masses of the various baryons quite simply, which makes me think the Koide formula is just a numerical co-incidence. I tried to make sense of it, knowing how basic matter is constructed from quarks but I failed.

        Thanks for the Sanejouand link, I shall peruse it when I have finished with the plethora of essays.

        LL&P

        Lockie Cresswell

        How might physicists give an empirical proof that "the Koide formula is just a numerical co-incidence"? Motl has argued the Koide formula is merely a meaningless curiosity.

        "Could the Koide formula be real?" by Luboš Motl, 2012

        I have speculated that string theory with the finite nature hypothesis implies square-root(mass) has a meaning in terms of area. In string theory with the infinite nature hypothesis, square-root(mass) might have a meaning in terms of Koide-uncertainty, where this uncertainty is somehow related to the string landscape. What might be the possibilities for introducing square-root(mass-energy) as an essential concept in physics?

          Let us assume that my basic theory is wrong.

          Consider: "The Discrepancy in Galaxy Rotation Curves" by Roy Gomel and Tomer Zimmerman, 2019.

          It seems to me that the idea as stated by Gomel and Zimmerman is wrong. However, I believe that their idea might be modified as follows:

          In the standard form of Einstein's field equations, replace the -1/2 by -1/2 Gomel-Zimmerman-fictitious-force-function.

          Replace the Einstein equivalence principle:

          (Inertial mass-energy) * (Acceleration) =

          (Intensity of the gravitational field) * (Gravitational mass-energy) by an Einstein-Gomel-Zimmerman equivalence principle:

          (Inertial mass-energy) * (Acceleration) =

          (Intensity of the gravitational field) * (Gravitational mass-energy in the universe Gravitational mass-energy modified by the multiverse ).

          With the Einstein equivalence principle, gravitons should have spin 2.

          With the Einstein-Gomel-Zimmerman equivalence principle, gravitons might have

          spin 2 multiverse-epsilon. This excess energy might be the explanation for the empirical successes of Milgrom's MOND.

          What might be plausible ways of modifying the Gomel-Zimmerman explanation?

          Your essay is intriguing...

          I agree with many of your premises and most of your conclusions, but I feel like your understanding is incomplete. There is too little 'glue' in some of your explanations, so the reader is left to fill in the blanks with appreciation for your cited references. As you know; I am not in denial about Milgrom and I have some appreciation for String theory, but this essay falls a little short of the ideal, raising some great questions and showing evidence but not making clear sense of how the pieces fit together.

          I think the jury is out on the zero mass spin-2 graviton. And some of the pieces you put in place also occur in some theories where the graviton has mass and therefore multiple polarization states, such as the DGP and cascading DGP models. So that piece has merit. As far as uncertainty coming with money goes; I think your view is a bit short-sighted. The story goes that money was invented when temple worshipers argued the value of various commodities like pigs or cattle, sheaves of wheat, or baskets of fruit, and they had to come up with a standard unit of exchange.

          There may be a good reason why the root words coinus and coitus sound the same. And ironically; the cause of the market crash in 2008 (?) might have been something called the Gaussian Copula Function, used to estimate derivatives. David X. Li was very clever and he gave his caveats first, then described the advantages of using his equation. So people had a false sense of security that risk estimation equaled risk containment. Mandelbrot warned people about some of this, not to trust the bell curve (Gaussian) because it was truncated due to attrition. People should have known better. It was greed and bad Math that made things economically unstable.

          All the Best,

          Jonathan

            "... the cause of the market crash in 2008 ..." Why do markets crash? Are markets and money always permeated by hidden uncertainties? It is unclear what money is -- is it wampum, tulips, or Bitcoin?

            According to Ben Bernanke, "Financial panics have a substantial psychological component. Projecting calm, rationality, and reassurance is half the battle ..."

            "Crashed: How a Decade of Financial Crises Changed the World" by Adam Tooze, Penguin, 2018

            Consider the following hypothesis: General relativity theory is a mathematical formulation of the concept of Einsteinian reference frames. However, Einstein's model omits dark matter, which is a stringy Gomel-Zimmerman fictitious force. This hypothetical fictitious force arises from the gravitational mass-energy of the Calabi-Yau component of the string landscape. In other words, the string landscapes does not yield Einsteinian cosmological models but instead modified Einsteinian models with the stringy Gomel-Zimmerman fictitious force.

            Calabi-Yau manifold, Wikipedia

            Absolutely!

            The cause is more than half panic, in many cases. I've been reading about the neoliberals and neoconservatives trying to outmaneuver each other for financial gain and to preserve the ideological conflict. Both schemes tend to concentrate wealth for the elites while leaving the commonwealth unfed. The only real difference is which special interests win.

            Disgusting! Only a strong middle class guarantees basic freedoms. Otherwise; the whole Finance game goes down. The world is coming more and more to resemble the dark predictions in the movie "Rollerball" and what really suffers most is the push for individual accomplishment. People are being trained to act like cogs in a machine. Not healthy for society.

            I'll have to read what Bernanke has to say.

            Best,

            JJD

            Dear David,

            I notice that Jonathan comments that the jury is still out on the spin 2 graviton.

            I commented to Andrew Beckwith "I am not a fan of bosons as fundamental force particles (except for Higgs), and can provide alternative suggestions for photons, gluons, and W/Z bosons. Nor am I a believer in gravitons, as I have formulated my own 'action at a distance' theory of gravity using strings of what I suppose are Higgs particles, although I call them ginn (or aether particles). Because I have a working particle theory I decided to do a back of the envelope calculation of their (string) gram equivalent mass and got a number 10-34 g which is some 28 orders greater than the 10-62 g you (A.B) mentioned for the graviton."

            I also have a working theory that dark matter is in two forms, a halo of neutral antimatter, and a good deal of normal matter in a variety of forms, notably H2.

            Thanks for the Motl link, I shall have a look right away.

            Regards

            Lockie