Jonathan,
It was clear the subject was right up your street and you did it good justice in the space available. I'm clearly of the opinion the major 'missing pieces' you identify can be found in the hierarchical structures of fractals, Mandelbrot and also Fibonacci. We must somehow perhaps popularise the concept of phenomena below the 'EM scale' limit of the Planck length.
I've identified that even the simple rules of brackets in arithmetic form such a structure, extending and repeating indefinitely - in my essay, which I hope you get to. I'm very glad I got to yours, my score should give you a deserved boost. After the contest I hope you may also look at this recent (9min but very dense) video identifying some of the solutions which arise from fractal dynamics.
This new paper on the 'twists within twists' of light confirms that concept.)
Accelerated rotation with orbital angular momentum modes
Very well done and best of luck in the run in.
Peter