Had another read through. It looks like you're describing a scientific dialectic? One aspect that might be a challenging obstacle to overcome is that this would require the scientific community whole-heartedly embrace null results. Franklin et al point out that:
Modern science’s professional culture prizes positive results, and offers
relatively few rewards to those who fail to find statistically significant relationships in their data. It also esteems apparently groundbreaking results far more
than attempts to replicate earlier research. PhDs, grant funding, publications,
promotions, lateral moves to more prestigious universities, professional
esteem, public attention—they all depend upon positive results that seem to
reveal something new. A scientist who tries to build his career on checking old
findings or publishing negative results isn’t likely to get very far.
A last observation: this "tree" might work well in a field like physics, where replicability is not the foremost challenge. However, it may have significant limits in psychology, social sciences and perhaps to some extent even neuroscience. Because it will depend very heavily on null results, replicability is critical, but these same fields present manifold challenges in that regard.
I hope I have not misunderstood anything! Your paper is great food for thought and I think such a schema has the potential to play a crucial role in a reimagined scientific project that is focused on eliminating bias, unexamined assumptions, and non-empirical influences.